Define cybercrime and the categories of cybercrime.
Research how cybercrime (in general or concerning certain crimes — e.g., hacking, identity theft, cyberstalking) is handled in at least three countries (one can be the United States).
Compare and contrast each country’s laws. What ethical issues arise due to differences in cybercriminal prosecution across cultures?
How will your understanding of cultural differences affect your ability to make decisions within your company?
Define cybercrime and the categories of cybercrime.
Assignment Requirements
Your paper should be a minimum of 3 pages and formatted according to APA guidelines.
Use Times New Roman 12 pt font.
Add a Table of Content
Define cybercrime and the categories of cybercrime.
Research on the Internet how cybercrime is handled legally in three different countries of your choice.
Compare and contrast the laws in each country and discuss the ethical issues arising from the differences in how cybercrime is prosecuted across different cultures.
Explain how your understanding of these different ethics and laws across cultures will affect your ability to make decisions within your organization.
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Acquire knowledge and understanding of the history of e-Business and its impact on business
Evaluate and discuss issues surrounding ethics and security as related to e-Business
Define and explain the meaning of e-Business
Prompt: Find and discuss a case or article of a current event involving cybersecurity. What other topics does it involve, such as consumer privacy or data security? Explain how the rapid development of e-Business is linked to that of the Internet. Use examples to illustrate.
Instructions:
Response should be approximately 2-3 pages (not counting the cover page and references page), supported with credible references and corresponding in-text citations, all in APA format.
You must submit your response as a Word (.doc, .docx) attachment on the
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Boards of Nursing (BONs) exist in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands. Similar entities may also exist for different regions. The mission of BONs is the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice. BONs put into practice state/region regulations for nurses that, among other things, lay out the requirements for licensure and define the scope of nursing practice in that state/region.
It can be a valuable exercise to compare regulations among various state/regional boards of nursing. Doing so can help share insights that could be useful should there be future changes in a state/region. In addition, nurses may find the need to be licensed in multiple states or regions.
To Prepare:
Review the Resources and reflect on the mission of state/regional boards of nursing as the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice.
Consider how key regulations may impact nursing practice.
Review key regulations for nursing practice of your state’s/region’s board of nursing and those of at least one other state/region and select at least two APRN regulations to focus on for this Discussion..
By Day 3 of Week 5
Post a comparison of at least two APRN board of nursing regulations in your state/region with those of at least one other state/region. Describe how they may differ. Be specific and provide examples. Then, explain how the regulations you selected may apply to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) who have legal authority to practice within the full scope of their education and experience. Provide at least one example of how APRNs may adhere to the two regulations you selected.
By Day 6 of Week 5
Respond to at least two of your colleagues* on two different days and explain how the regulatory environment and the regulations selected by your colleague differ from your state/region. Be specific and provide examples.
The post Boards of Nursing (BONs) exist in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands. Similar entities may also exist for different regions. The mission of BONs is the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice. BONs put into practice state/region regulations for nurses that, among other things, lay out the requirements for licensure and define the scope of nursing practice in that state/region. appeared first on Infinite Essays.
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The post Boards of Nursing (BONs) exist in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands. Similar entities may also exist for different regions. The mission of BONs is the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice. BONs put into practice state/region regulations for nurses that, among other things, lay out the requirements for licensure and define the scope of nursing practice in that state/region. first appeared on nursing writers.
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Define standardized nursing terminologies in informatics.
Using the PowerPoint Guidelines located in the Modules under the ACON Student Resources tab go to PowerPoint Resources and create a visual-only presentation of a total of five slides that includes the title slide and reference slide addressing the following areas:
Title slide
No introduction or purpose statement slide is required for this activity
Write a 1,400- to 2,100-word draft of the third section of your SDLC Final Project. Include the following:
• Testing process summary
o Define a test plan or script identifying major software functionality and hardware to be tested with required outcomes.
• Installation process and training plan summary
o Provide a timeline identifying specific steps, including training, and related resources required to implement the recommended system. Include a narrative explanation with a discussion of effects of project constraints—such as time, conversion method, and so forth—and a description of the recommended plan.
• Documentation plan summary
o Specify and explain each type of documentation, which is required for ongoing technical and user support of the proposed system. SDLC Project – Team C Dwana Escourse, La Shauna Berry, Nicholas Felix, Rajesh Thakur BSA/376 September 7, 2015 Deborah Marshall SDLC Project – Team C The process of determining requirements involves the analysts and other team members to gather information. This information is used to figure out exactly what the new system should do, and this information is obtained from as many sources as possible. Examples of these sources are: observing users, reports, previous analysis records, questionnaire forms, previous or current developers, present system procedures, and system administrators. There are several methods of determining requirements and some of those traditional techniques for collecting requirements are: Interviewing and actively listening to others Administering questionnaires to providers and end users Observing system users Analyzing current system procedures Reviewing present and previous documents After using these methods of determining the specific requirements for Patton-Fuller, the analysts on this project team were able to provide a list of confirmed requirements. Along with the list, the team has categorized each system requirement identified as either mandatory or optional. The list includes the following: Manage and track the appointments of patients – Mandatory Schedule, reschedule, or cancel appointments – Mandatory Check patients in and out – Mandatory View physician’s schedules for open appointments – Mandatory Track patients for follow-ups and schedule those dates – Optional Referrals – Optional Share information (EHR) with other departments – optional Weekly physician schedule report and comparative analysis report – Optional Patient pre-op and post-op schedule report – Mandatory Patient to physician time ratio – Optional Monthly billing report – Mandatory The flow chart listed below reflects the proposed flow of the process upon completion of the project. The previous process from beginning to end consumed more time than it needed to. This document will identify a process, and the designed flowchart gives a graphic view into the process that the team is looking to perfect it to become. Designing a flowchart for the process should be completed in order to identify the amount of time, redundancy of calls made to and from the patient, and initiate ideas to make the process more efficient.
Functional allocation is a human factors method used for making decisions on whether a particular function will be accomplished by a person, hardware, software or a mixture of person and technology. The vital nature of people is that they are unpredictable, erratic and random. It is not always the case but it is a true statement that no project manager knows what the future entails. However, when accounting for human factors, one must consider any possible occurrence that could arise when working with people. Some factors may include the following: Crucial members of the project team have to take a personnel leave for specific reasons and are often considered to be the most committed. There is always that possibility that an unforeseen issue may occur such as a medical issue, personal or family issues, or career circumstances will require that they leave the project. Disagreements amongst the project team can cause severe issues that can cause the entire project to fall to pieces regardless of how well put together it appears to be. Every project has outside or outsourced dependencies that are needed or required to complete certain goals or attain specific information. If one of these outside entities fail to provide the expected support from staff it is almost certain to bomb the project regardless of the level of genius it may be. To account for human factors, the analyst must consider possible error rates, loss of exertion, costs, threats, technological feasibility, morals, ethical concerns, and the aspiration of people wanting to perform the function. Function allocation is also useful for formulating to what degree of computerization is required for a specific system. Function allocation guidelines are often simple and are limited when it comes to allocating functions among people, hardware, and software. It can clearly affect the important values that humans hold dear. For example, if a system is put into place but does not permit a lot of human contact or manipulation, it can lower user satisfaction. To put Functional allocation to work within the work we are doing Patton-Fuller we had to ensure that tasks would be allocated to humans and systems appropriately. In doing this the team can be sure to achieve task goals and support human needs at the same time. The project team will allocate functions to humans in certain instances such as technical limitations, safety protocols, and ethical controls. Also considering that humans must train others, ensuring the task of knowledge requirements, unpredictable or unforeseen problems, and cost efficiency are handled properly is also a team goal. Another human aspect is to base tasks for humans based on the workload, mental support, and personal differences between users, departmental and organizational learning techniques. The allocation of functions will be tasked to machines for such things that exceeds human capabilities or if the system is in a hostile location or environment (fire, flood, etc.). The proposed system function for Patton-Fuller will be allocated on terms of required hardware, software and human-computer interface (HCI). In order to ensure that the physician’s surgical scheduling is set up properly and follow-up appointments can be accessed through the same system, new tablet PC’s, laptops, and or Notebooks will be needed. The team has also determined that a new server should be implemented specifically for the new Electronic Medical Records (EMR) software that will be installed. Updated scanners and Imaging devices will be needed in order so documents can be scanned and filed electronically making it easier to share patient information. Obtaining an updated version of the network that is currently being utilized will not only help the new system it will bring about a systemic connection with the older version. The team has also suggested that each department head that is directly connected to this project, along with specified stakeholders, and selected project team members be given smartphones that have connection to the system in case the need to activate those human functions such as technical limitations, safety protocols, and ethical controls. Designing a system and specifying tradeoffs between project costs, scheduling and performance is no easy task but must be done. This is normally done with a specific approach called the “trade-off” approach. The trade-off approach can be defined as a way of trading one thing that may not be necessary for something else that is. For example, Patton-Fuller already has a functional patient management system for the other departments, but they would like an updated version to create a more unified patient experience. This means that they may have to trade-off the electronic signature feature that they love so much so that the new system can be implemented. This process can aid with the technological process to help reduce life cycle cost. Understanding the key to cost and being able to aid in the reduction of project costs is someone who has the ability to allocate funds appropriately for specified products. If a project manager has this skill they can be trusted to make intelligent decisions. Depending on the project, customer or patient need the stakeholders can feel safe in knowing that the design for trade-off approach being used will be cost effective.
The above diagram shows a basic design model that the project team is utilizing to complete the model for Patton-Fuller’s management and stakeholders to see what decisions have been made and the process it will take to meet their requirements. The above diagram is a program chart that reflects how the project team intends on processing this new patient management system to help with appointment and surgical scheduling conflicts. The actual software designs that are being considered for this particular project are Kareo Medical Billing, Practice Fusion Patient Scheduling Software, and Advanced MD Medical Scheduling Software. After careful review of all the proposed software, the team and stakeholders all agreed that Advanced MD Medical Scheduling Software was the best choice. It offered everything that Patton-Fuller wants including a few of the trade-offs that the team was willing to lose to ensure the project was successful, remained within scope and still cost effective. The network that was selected for the project includes a new Mac Pro Server with 4 processors of 64 GB RAM, an updated version of the Data Center workstations to include Apple IMAC 24” display 3.0 GHZ 16 GB RAM and an updated 6 GB Fiber Link. With these updates the networks will automatically have Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities due to the Superdrive upgrade already installed in the system. The hardware included will be 2 laptops, 2 tablets, 2 PC’s and 4 new smartphones which are all for the surgical department. This decision was the most economical way to proceed because the other departments have already been upgraded with technology, but the surgical department was not up to par.
University of Phoenix Material
SDLC Final Project
Your Learning Team will prepare a paper that applies the SDLC methodology and tools presented in the course. The primary goal is to apply workflow and process management concepts in addressing specific needs of a selected functional area. Assume both parts are presented to an executive management committee. The paper must reflect professional preparation.
Your Learning Team will submit a 4,200- to 5,600-word paper due in Week Five. At minimum, the paper must include the following:
Business objectives with supporting measures of project success Description of current business process or systems with identification of project scope and boundaries Any project constraints: financial, time, resources, organizational policies, or culture Business functional requirements A description of new business process or systems; utilize process objectives model and system objectives model Design requirements: input/output design, interface design, data model, network model A cost/benefit analysis
This cumulative project is due in Week Five. Each week, your team works on a different section of the plan. The team will submit a draft of your work for the week and a team progress report to your facilitator each week. The weekly progress report will reflect the team’s progress as listed in the following weekly breakdown.
Week One
Review the SDLC Final Project requirements.
Week Two
Resource: Service Request pf-001 for Patton-Fuller Community Hospital located on the student website.
Review the Service Request pf-001 for Patton-Fuller Community Hospital.
Define the scope of the project. Identify the associated stakeholders and the preliminary assignments and tasks for each member. Create a detailed outline for each section.
Write a 1,400- to 2,100-word draft of the first section of the SDLC Final Project. Include the following:
Statement of scope and goals
Specify what functions are included in the project.
Supporting measures for success
Specify tangible measures for determining the relative degree of success of the completed project. Measures must correlate with goals specified in the first section.
Summary of project feasibility
Include specific operational, technical, and economic feasibility analysis. Operational and technical issues must specify how each issue is addressed. The economic analysis must include specific benefit and cost areas.
Current business process summary
Provide a flowchart and a separate high-level logical data flow diagram of the process.
Proposed system requirement list
List specific individual requirement needs in measurable and objective terms.
Develop slides matching this content.
Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Team Progress Report
Submit your first-segment draft and the Team Progress Report to your facilitator as separate documents.
Week Three
Write a 1,400- to 2,100-word draft of the second section of your SDLC Final Project. Include the following:
Determination of requirements
Identify specific analysis methods, used to determine user needs.
List of confirmed requirements
Categorize each system requirement identified for last week’s assignment as mandatory or optional.
Proposed system process view
Provide a flowchart of the proposed process.
Functional allocation modeling
Specify how each proposed system function would be allocated in terms of required hardware, software, and human-computer interface (HCI).
Logical system model
Provide a high-level logical data flow diagram of the proposed system.
Preliminary design model
Provide a diagram illustrating the overall logical information architecture.
Design trade-off approach
Specify tradeoffs among cost, schedule, and performance. A fast and inexpensive solution may not adequately address performance requirements.
Detailed design process and specifications
Specify separate recommended decisions for software design, hardware, and networks. Include a resolution of HCI considerations.
Physical system model
Illustrate the recommended decisions in matching information architecture diagrams.
Develop slides matching the new content.
Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Team Progress Report.
Submit your second-section draft and the Team Progress Report to your facilitator as separate documents.
Week Four
Write a 1,400- to 2,100-word draft of the third section of your SDLC Final Project. Include the following:
Testing process summary
Define a test plan or script identifying major software functionality and hardware to be tested with required outcomes.
Installation process and training plan summary
Provide a timeline identifying specific steps, including training, and related resources required to implement the recommended system. Include a narrative explanation with a discussion of effects of project constraints—such as time, conversion method, and so forth—and a description of the recommended plan.
Documentation plan summary
Specify and explain each type of documentation, which is required for ongoing technical and user support of the proposed system. Develop slides matching the new content.
Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Team Progress Report.
Submit your third-section draft and the Team Progress Report to your facilitator as separate documents.
Week Five
Write a 350- to 700-word draft of the final section of the SDLC Final Project that covers the support and maintenance plan summary
Provide a plan outlining responsibilities and related resources necessary to support and maintain the proposed system, such as software, hardware, and networks.
Combine this and the previous sections into a single 4,200- to 5,600-word paper, making any changes noted in prior feedback
Create a 10- to 12- slide PowerPoint Presentation overview of your final project.
Include detailed speaker notes.
Submit the SDLC Final Proje
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1.Define entrepreneurship and include three (3) pros and three (3) cons that entrepreneurs face in today’s business environment. 2.Explain the difference between monetary and fiscal policy and explain how they are formulated and by whom. 3.Discuss the benefits of global trade and its impact on economic development. Give examples. 4. You are an office manager for Triple C Employment Services, a small business of 20 employees. It is your responsibility to pay the invoices submitted by your vendors. In recent months, you have noticed an increase in the number of invoices from your small office supply vendor, Handy Offices. It seems as if the prices for many of the supplies are higher than necessary. After doing some research, you discover that one of your company’s managers, John Deedrick, has been placing many of these orders. You also discover that John has received some rather nice “gifts” from the CEO at Handy Offices, including two dinners at an expensive restaurant and greens fees at one of the better golf courses in the area. You know all too well that Deedrick, the Handy Offices CEO, and the Triple C CEOs are good friends, both on and off the golf course. Triple C currently has no provision in place that allows employees to seek guidance for ethical concerns or to report ethical violations anonymously. What is your ethical dilemma? What do you do? Include in your answer the key principles for reaching ethical decisions that were useful to you in reaching your decision. 5.Define and explain effective communication. Why is it important in the business environment? 6.Sole proprietorships are the most common form of business ownership. What advantages explain the popularity of the sole proprietorship? 7.How does small business impact the U.S. economy? 8.Explain the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Include in your response purpose of this legislation as it refers to accounting practices. Provide some history as to why this act became necessary. 9.What is a pro forma statement? Describe the two major types of pro forma statements, and explain the role they play in financial planning 10.Describe the three basic types of securities issued by corporations. 11. You are promoting your lawn mowing business and are considering serving additional neighborhoods. Describe the primary research tools you might use to determine if you should expand your service area. 12.If you were choosing between broadcast TV and cable TV as an advertising media for your product or service, what would you see as the major strengths for each option? What would be their weaknesses? 13. What is the goal of a distribution strategy? Name and describe the key elements. Explain the difference between using a direct channel and using channel intermediaries. 14.Discuss how expectancy theory and equity theory impact employee motivation. 15.Discuss four flexible scheduling options that employers have attempted to provide workers so that they can achieve a better work-life balance. 16. New technology improves our lives. Sometimes they are also known to create challenges. Describe some of the ways that Internet and associated technologies has proved challenging for us. 17.Explain how technology has influenced operations management. 18.Explain the movement toward lean production. 19. Explain the challenges of lean production in the service industry. Describe how Southwest Airlines has applied lean techniques to eliminate waste from its operations. 20.What factors will you consider in making the right career choice? Consider the five key dimensions of the business environment and how each will affect your choice. 21.Compare and contrast for-profit organizations and a nonprofit organizations. 22.There are four factors of production required for an economic system to thrive and create wealth. Entrepreneurship is one of them. Explain and give examples of how an entrepreneur would employ the other factors of production in an effort to grow and maintain a business. 23.How did the use of subprime mortgage loans contribute to the economic crisis? 24.Assume that the price of gasoline is currently falling. What will happen to the quantity of gasoline supplied at your local gas station? Under this circumstance, what else might the local gas station focus on selling to keep profits growing? When the price of gasoline was rising rapidly, how did that impact the demand for transportation and the selection of cars available to consumers? Explain your answers in terms of the principles underlying demand and supply curves. 25.Describe the tools used for measuring a nation’s international trade. Use these tools to describe the United States international trade experience over the past 30 years. 26.List, define, and describe the strategies for reaching global markets. 27.Describe the purpose of the European Union as it relates to trade relations with the United States. 28.A written code of ethics is the cornerstone of any formal ethics program. What is the purpose of a code of ethics? Describe what makes a code of ethics truly effective. Describe the steps that experts say will result in an effective code of ethics? 29.Explain how a socially responsible employer creates a balanced workplace for employees. 30.Describe how organizations dedicated to social responsibility assist businesses in meeting their goals.
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(4c) This week, you must write a Letter to the Editor and submit it to the Dropbox by Sunday, 11:59 PM (MT).
The Scenario You are an American living in India. Many people in the city in which you live have been demonstrating in the streets by marching and carrying signs. These people are protesting the high prices of U.S. patented medicines for HIV-positive/AIDS patients. They say that these (and other) patented medicines are unaffordable and therefore the patents should not be protected by international law. (Prices would be much lower without the patents.) The demonstrators also say that international law is based on Western concepts and it is not always just by Indian standards (or the standards of many non-Western countries).
You are known locally for your understanding of global politics. Because of your knowledge, the local newspaper has asked you to write a letter to the editor that will be online and distributed in print. The newspaper wants you to either defend the protestors or defend international law that protects the patents.
The Expectations The letter to the editor should be a maximum of 1,000 words and you should use this Letter to the Editor Template. You should research both sides of the issue and decide which side you are taking prior to writing the letter to the editor. It is expected that you will clearly define the relevant concepts of international law in your article. You should include in-text citations and an APA-formatted bibliography with at least 2 sources.
The Directions 1. Use the textbook, the library, and the Internet to research U.S. and international medical patents and international law. 2. Download and review the rubric to better understand what is expected of you. 3. Using this Letter to the Editor Template,
Letter to the Editor
(4c) This week, you must write a Letter to the Editor and submit it to the Dropbox by Sunday, 11:59 PM (MT).
The Scenario You are an American living in India. Many people in the city in which you live have been demonstrating in the streets by marching and carrying signs. These people are protesting the high prices of U.S. patented medicines for HIV-positive/AIDS patients. They say that these (and other) patented medicines are unaffordable and therefore the patents should not be protected by international law. (Prices would be much lower without the patents.) The demonstrators also say that international law is based on Western concepts and it is not always just by Indian standards (or the standards of many non-Western countries).
You are known locally for your understanding of global politics. Because of your knowledge, the local newspaper has asked you to write a letter to the editor that will be online and distributed in print. The newspaper wants you to either defend the protestors or defend international law that protects the patents.
The Expectations The letter to the editor should be a maximum of 1,000 words and you should use this Letter to the Editor Template. You should research both sides of the issue and decide which side you are taking prior to writing the letter to the editor. It is expected that you will clearly define the relevant concepts of international law in your article. You should include in-text citations and an APA-formatted bibliography with at least 2 sources.
The Directions 1. Use the textbook, the library, and the Internet to research U.S. and international medical patents and international law. 2. Download and review the rubric to better understand what is expected of you. 3. Using this Letter to the Editor Template, write a 1,000 word letter to the editor. Be sure to include in-text citations and an APA-formatted Bibliography with at least 2 sources.
Book: Boyer, M., Hudson, N., & Butler, M. (2012). Global Politics: Engaging in a Complex World. ISBN: 1259816400
Book: Boyer, M., Hudson, N., & Butler, M. (2012). Global Politics: Engaging in a Complex World. ISBN: 1259816400
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Define Advanced Practice Nursing In The State Of California. Describe The Role Of The California Advanced Practice Nurse And Family Nurse Practitioner.
Advanced Practice Nursing is defined as either an Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) or an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse ( APRN). Advanced practice nursing requires a higher level of education; that is , they require a Masters in Nursing degree at the minimum. This requirement will be expanded to the Doctor of Nursing practice by 2015. The extended education will help nurses gain a larger skill set, increase assessment abilities, increase their ability to plan for and implement care, and bolster their ability to diagnose patients. Nurses can advance their nursing careers by becoming advanced practice nurses.
Advanced practice nurses will exercise a greater level of autonomy in areas above due to higher level of education …
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Define the ‘four Rs’ of radiation oncology and outline how each contributes to the response of the tumour and normal tissues during fractionated radiation therapy
3. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis include genetic and epigenetic events. In regard to genetic events, mutagens can arise from both external carcinogens and intrinsic mutations. Answer all parts of this question: a) For each category below identify two (2) examples of carcinogens and one (1) veterinary or human tumour associated with this carcinogen. i. chemical carcinogens (2 marks) ii. physical carcinogens (2 marks) iii. viral infection. (2 marks) b) Using specific examples, discuss the mechanisms by which cellular oncogenes become activated and tumour suppressor genes become inactivated. Give specific examples of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in your answer. (18 marks) c) Briefly explain the difference between a ‘gatekeeper’ and ‘caretaker’ tumour suppressor gene. (2 marks) d) Pathologic epigenetic events contribute to carcinogenesis. i. Define an ‘epigenetic event’. (1 mark) ii. Identify and briefly describe the mechanisms for the two (2) main epigenetic events involved in carcinogenesis. (3 marks) Continued over page Veterinary Oncology Paper 1 Page 6 of 9 4. Radiation biology Answer all parts of this question: a) Define the ‘four Rs’ of radiation oncology and outline how each contributes to the response of the tumour and normal tissues during fractionated radiation therapy. (10 marks) b) Oxygen is essential to radiation-induced cell kill. Explain the influence of molecular oxygen on radiation-induced cell death. (2 marks) c) Explain the concepts of ‘acute’ (or cyclic) and ‘chronic’ hypoxia, and provide one (1) therapeutic option to overcome each. (6 marks) d) Describe one (1) molecular and one (1) imaging method to measure tumour hypoxia. (2 marks) e) Discuss the function of the hypoxia-inducible family (HIF) of proteins. Indicate the target genes induced by HIF proteins and their impacts on tumour progression. Explain how HIF can become dysregulated in tumours and give two (2) medical therapies that are clinically used to combat tumours with HIF dysregulation. (10 marks) Continued over page Veterinary Oncology Paper 1 Page 7 of 9 5. Hallmarks of cancer Answer all parts of this question: a) List Hanahan and Weinberg’s original six (6) ‘hallmarks of cancer’, as described in 2000. (6 marks) b) List Hanahan and Weinberg’s two (2) emerging hallmarks and the two (2) enabling characteristics subsequently identified in their 2011 review paper. (4 marks) c) Describe the steps required for a cancer to invade and metastasise. (10 marks) d) Briefly define and discuss the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis, including any potential molecular explanation for this hypothesis. (5 marks) e) Explain the role ‘ezrin’ plays in veterinary cancer. Include in your answer one (1) example of a veterinary tumour type. (5 marks) 6. The ‘cell cycle’ is the series of events that take place in a cell associated with its division and duplication (replication). Answer all parts of this question: a) Draw a diagram of the cell cycle in the supplied answer book and include information about what is happening in each stage of the cycle. (6 marks) b) In a few sentences, define the term ‘restriction point’ and explain the role that the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein plays in regulating this phase of the cell cycle. (3 marks) c) Define the following terms in relation to the stage of the cell cycle in which each class of drug is acting, and provide one (1) example of a chemotherapeutic agent for each of the three (3) categories: i. cell cycle phase – non-specific (1 mark) ii. cell cycle phase – specific (1 mark) iii. cell cycle – non-specific. (1 mark) Question 6 continued over page Veterinary Oncology Paper 1 Page 8 of 9 d) Describe the interaction between cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), with respect to the cell cycle. Provide two (2) examples of cyclin/CDK interactions. (6 marks) e) Discuss the ways in which neoplastic cells can uniquely exploit the cell cycle. (12 marks) 7. Diagnostic cytopathology: cytologic evaluation of neoplasia plays a critical role in the clinical decisions of veterinary oncologists. Answer all parts of this question: a) Discuss the ways in which evaluation of cytologic samples can be used in clinical practice, including important advantages and limitations of cytologic evaluation of fine needle aspiration samples. (15 marks) b) Identify differential diagnoses for round cell tumours encountered in dogs and cats and describe cytological features used to differentiate these neoplasms. (15 marks) 8. Effective anti-cancer chemotherapy is underpinned by theoretical considerations based on tumour biology, as well as knowledge of the pharmacology of the agents used. Answer all parts of this question: a) For a tumour in which, theoretically, 99% of the cells are killed per cycle of chemotherapy, state the number of cycles of chemotherapy required to reduce a tumour burden of 1,010 cells to less than one cell. (1 mark) b) Define the fractional cell-kill hypothesis and identify the principal pharmacologic factors affecting the results of treatment. (3 marks) c) The fractional cell-kill hypothesis rarely, if ever, applies in practice to the treatment of solid tumours. Outline three (3) main reasons for this and briefly indicate how each cause might be circumvented. (13 marks) Question 8 continued over page Veterinary Oncology Paper 1 Page 9 of 9 d) Pharmacokinetic factors influence the therapeutic and/or adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs. Briefly discuss the pharmacokinetic factors that might cause the following clinical situations. Explain how these situations could, theoretically and/or in practice, be avoided or corrected. Answer all parts of this sub-question: i. Grade 3 or 4 myelotoxicity has been observed on each of two separate occasions after a cat has been treated with carboplatin at 200 mg/m2 . (4 marks) ii. A dog with multiple myeloma being treated with oral melphalan at the recommended dose rate has neither myelotoxicity nor a response to therapy after two weeks of daily treatment. (5 marks) iii. A dog with clinical stage 4 lymphoma has grade 4 myelotoxicity seven days after its first dose of vincristine at 0.5 mg/m2 . (4 marks)
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