My topic is Internet Protection Laws: Deepfake Technology Protection Policy.
In this assignment, you will need to look at the Neg outline template and write information using the work that I have left in the files.
You also need to use online sources to find information. I will attach the speech template, and I will also attach another student’s work so you can see what mine will look like.
“Argumentation Brief” is the file that is my work and has information on my topic.
“Negative Manuscript final” is someone else’s work but is an example to show you what mine should look like
“1 Aff Maniscript” Is my work and you can use the information that’s on it.
“neg outline template” is the file of the template you need to follow.
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The issue of immigration has raised waging debates among lawmakers in the United States. For a long time, United States lawmakers have failed to develop a comprehensive policy to solve the problem of immigrants in the United States. This, in turn, led the executive and judicial to make major policy decisions concerning immigrants. Immigrants have also fueled many debates in the house of states and municipal governments. Immigrants comprise about fourteen percent of the state population in the United States. This is about forty-three million people. Together with children born in the United States by immigrants’ their population stands at 27% of the United States population (Ramakrishnan & Gulasekaram, 2012). The figures have risen steadily since 1970 but leveled since 2008 after the economic crisis. Undocumented immigrants comprise about 12 million people of the American population (Ramakrishnan & Gulasekaram, 2012). Over half of the undocumented immigrants have lived in the United States for over decades. The increase of illegal immigrants in the United States has increased due to unlawful immigration across the United States borders, legal migrant with overstayed visa and asylum of war from neighboring countries. Various states have enacted various policies to protect and curb the increase of illegal immigrants.
California is one of the states that have a contrary policy of undocumented immigrant to that of the federal government. More than 2 million undocumented immigrants live in California. About 1.75 million of the workforces are from undocumented immigrants who are about 9% of the workforce (Ramakrishnan & Gulasekaram, 2012). Although California State complies with federal government policy of immigrates, it has “Sanctuary State” Law under California value act to protect its undocumented immigrant. The policy prohibits states law enforces and agency from; detaining a person on hold as requested by the federal government unless the person has committed a crime. Transferring illegal immigrants to federal jail unless the person has committed a crime listed in California trust act, or is a substantial sex offender. Law enforcers are not sharing the immigration status of a person with a federal immigration agency (Ramakrishnan & Gulasekaram, 2012).
New York City has more than 500,000 undocumented immigrates who are about an eighth of the immigrants found in New York. City regulations have developed a policy that hinders the public and law enforcers from inquiring more about the immigration status of immigrates in New York. The immigrant Rights and Service Manual reviewed 2018 has a section concerning undocumented immigrants’ rights (Chen, 2018). The manual has guidance to undocumented immigrants on how to reports hatred crimes and benefits and limitation of living in New York City. It also has resources for an emergency report for those fearing deportation.
Arizona is the states that have one of the toughest policies concerning immigrants in the United States. Example of such policy is Arizona Senate Bill 1070 passed into law in 2007 (Archibold, 2010). The law allows the law enforcers to do an immigration check up to any person who is suspected to be illegal immigrants. Learning institution and employers are supposed to do E-verification before admitting an immigrant in their institution. Illegal immigrants are denied benefits such as driving license and voter ID in Arizona. Illegal immigrants in Arizona are transferred to federal custody awaiting deportation or detention (Archibold, 2010).
Canada for many years has been a hospitable country to many of its immigrants across the globe. However, its policy such as Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 2001 concerning undocumented immigrants is not different to those of United States after the September 11th terrorist attacks in the United States (Adelman, 2002). Canada conducts biometric screening to the fingerprints in its entire borders to ensure that there are few cases of the undocumented individual. Employers are not supposed to employ undocumented personnel in Canada. Staying in Canada with a legal visa that is outdated is illegal. Children born in Canada from an undocumented parent are granted Canada citizenship except those from diplomatic families.
References
Adelman, H. (2002). Canadian Borders and Immigration Post 9/11 1. International Migration Review, 36(1), 15-28.
Archibold, R. C. (2010). Arizona enacts stringent law on immigration. New York Times, 23, 42.
Chen, H. S. (2018). Chinatown no more: Taiwan immigrants in contemporary New York. Cornell University Press.
Ramakrishnan, S. K., & Gulasekaram, P. (2012). The importance of the political in immigration federalism. Ariz. St. LJ, 44, 1431.
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1. ‘One of the aims of EMU was that only the global balance of payments of the European Union with the rest of the world would be of importance and not those between members.’
About the alternative BoP theories, evaluate the policy options for the European Union as a whole.
Balance of payment, a concept defined by Fieleke (1996, p.3) as a record of all the transactions between the residents of a country and other foreign residents over a specified time interval is critical to the monetary stability of any given economy. Euro crisis, for instance, is attributed to the balance of payments disequilibria that affected the Eurozone (Sinn, 2012, p.3). Sinn and Wollmershäuser (2012) indeed argued that the Euro crisis is a balance-of-payments crisis that is analogous to the Bretton Woods crisis (p.1). One of the aims of the European Monetary Union (EMU) was that only the global balance of payments of the European Union with the rest of the world be of importance and not those between members. However, it has failed miserably in containing the balance-of-payments crisis affecting the region (Katsimi & Moutos, 2010, p.568).In this paper, we evaluate alternatives and then focus on the optimal policy alternative(s) that the EU can use in addressing the BoP disequilibria with the rest of the world.
Popularised by Wolf (2012), the treatment of the European crisis as a form of balance of payment (BoP) crisis is rapidly becoming dominant. Therefore, the main cause of the crisis must be found in the much easier access for a large number of peripheral EMU countries to the greater European financial markets at much lower nominal interest rates (Wyplosz, 2012). Instances of financial liberalisation coupled with the removal of the exchange rate risk are noted by Merler and Pisani-Ferry (2012) to have encouraged massive capital flows from the core regions to the periphery countries in the region’s ‘periphery’. Autonomous consumption which was credit-financed effectively determined a growth of both the domestic demand as well as of the nominal wages at a rate which was higher than in core regions. The higher inflation rates in the periphery, effectively determined low real interest rates which was a support to the region’s domestic demand (De Grauwe Paul, 1998). As Dadush et al., (2010) noted, the fiscal mess at the periphery was not the main cause of Euro-zone‘s sovereign debt crisis. The recorded growth of domestic demand was effectively associated to a rising developed housing bubble both in Ireland and Spain, as well as to the growth of public spending in EU nations such as Greece (Reinhart, 2011).
According to Krugman’s (2011) contribution on the analysis of the origin of the EMU crisis, European politicians’ choices are the main reason for the crisis. The politicians’ move of calling for a much closer union immediately after the German reunification instead of considering economic reasons is noted to be what precipitated to the disaster. This is in line with the views of Carlo Panico (2010) that attributed the origins of the economic crisis in institutional failure. According to his premise, EMU institutional failures are what precipitated the EU crisis and he noted that the specific cause was the speculative attacks’ to EU peripheral state that were by the regarded as in-debt countries. This argument is however disputable as noted by Cesaratto (2011a,2011b) due to the fact that its takes undue advantage on a crisis that is much older and having more profound root causes.
There exists several policy alternatives that can be used in fixing the BoP mess that EMU has failed to take care of. The work of Panico (2010, p. 5) proposed the establishment of an independent authority that is similar to the ECB to be put in charge of the region’s fiscal policy. However, this is noted by Cesaratto (2011a) to be disputable, mainly from a Keynesian point of view, because it elicits a reaction from a body whose general mandate is limited to fiscal rigor (Keynes,1980). Additionally, an independent fiscal authority would end up increasing the general lack of democratic accountability of the economic decisions made in the European regions. The European Central Bank (ECB) is noted by Richter and Wahl (2011) to be one of the most important players in the sovereign debt crisis that gripped the Eurozone. Its operations were based strictly, on the monetarist’s idea of central banking which reduced central banks to be mere guardians of citizens against consumer price inflations. In the process, the body totally ignored inflation of financial asset prices. Also ignored were employment, growth and financial stability. This therefore means that faults in the very design of the ECB and to be specific, with the monetarist ideals and obsession with issues of consumer price inflation coupled with the undemocratic, unaccountable and nontransparent nature of the institution.
Expenditure changing and expenditure switching.
Expenditure changing and expenditure switching are noted by Caves et al (2002) to be excellent methods for achieving both internal and external balance of payments. In any given open economy scenario, policymakers are tasked with aiming to achieve two main goals that are both necessary for the achievement of macroeconomic stability. These are internal and external stability (Reinert et al., 2010, p.398). Internal balance, they note, is a state whereby a given economy is at it optimal level of output which is achieved by fully engaging a nation’s resources and maintaining the stability of domestic price levels. External balance on the other hand is achieved when a nation is operating neither at an excessive level of current account deficit nor at a surplus. This means that net exports are either close or equal to zero. Expenditure-changing policy as well as expenditure-switching policy are noted by Reinert et al. (2010) to be two rather independent policy mechanisms or tools that can be used in the attainment of internal and external balances.
The expenditure-changing approach is a special macroeconomic adjustment technique that has an emphasis that the level of aggregate demand contraction (using the appropriate monetary and fiscal policies) can help in reducing the level of a nation’s total expenditure with an inclusion of imports and thereby helping by improving external balance of payment. The problem with this approach is that it could lead to a general reduction of both import and exports in cases where exports have particularly large import levels. This approach is not suitable for the entire EU region due to the fact that the nations have different fiscal policies on which it is dependent.
The expenditure switching approach on the other hand is a macroeconomic adjustment technique that has an emphasis on currency devaluation and thereby making imports to be less attractive in term of price and hence forcing the domestic consumers to replace the imports with the locally available substitutes. The main problem with this approach however, is that it is very sensitive of both domestic and foreign consumers in regards to the price changes. For example, whenever the domestic demand for certain imports become inelastic to price changes or to foreign exchange rate, price devaluation would in this case be ineffective in regard to external deficit reduction. If fiscal expansion is successfully implemented, then money demands as well as interest rate would subsequently increase and thereby discouraging private investment. This only occurs if some degree of price stickiness is inherently assumed. It can also lead to worsening of net exports.
Among the above mentioned, expenditure switching policies, the most suitable policy for solving the Euro crisis is devaluation since it would affect the current account balances as well as the output equilibrium levels of the EU economy. Devaluation would increase the domestic price of import while at the same time decrease the export’s foreign price. The degree to which devaluation would improve the current balances is however dependent on the level of elasticity of demand for both the imports and exports. In accordance to the Marshall-Lerner condition, if the total sum of a nation’s or region’s elasticity of demand for imports and exports is larger than one, then the depreciation of the nation’s or region’s domestic currency would lead to the improvement of the current account. The Marshall–Lerner condition is noted by Davidson (2009) to be a technical reason for devaluation of a nation’s or region’s currency needs to be gradual and not immediate in an effort of improving the balance of trade. According to Bahmani-Oskoee and Ratha (2004), trade in goods is normally inelastic within the short term period as a result of the time taken in changing consuming patterns as well as trade contracts. If Marshall–Lerner condition is never met, then devaluation is not likely to worsen the trade imbalance at the initial stages (Bahmani-Oskooee,2011). However, in the long run, the consumers would adjust to the set prices and the level of trade balance would improve.
The control of money supply can only be affected by ECB. However, this is a far less favourable approach due to the weaknesses facing ECB.As pointed out earlier, and European Central Bank (ECB) is noted by Richter and Wahl (2011) to be one of the most important players in the sovereign debt crisis that gripped the Euro-zone. Its operations were based strictly, on the monetarist’s idea of central banking that reduced central banks to be mere guardians of citizens against consumer price inflations. In the process, the body totally ignored inflation of financial asset prices. Also ignored were employment, growth and financial stability. This therefore means that faults in the very design of the ECB and to be specific, with the monetarist ideals and obsession with issues of consumer price inflation coupled with the undemocratic, unaccountable and nontransparent nature of the institution (Milbradt,2012).
The most efficient policy in resolving BoP disequilibria with minimal negative externalities is devaluation. This can be achieved by means of expenditure switching policies which as earlier postulated, is the most suitable policy for solving the Euro crisis is devaluation since it would affect the current account balances as well as the output equilibrium levels of the EU economy. Devaluation would increase the domestic price of import while at the same time decrease the export’s foreign price. The degree to which devaluation would improve the current balances is however dependent on the level of elasticity of demand for both the imports and export. The only condition is that the Marshall–Lerner condition must be met otherwise the condition would worsen.
The Euro-crisis is a crisis that can only be tackled with a series of policies which can only be implemented over a longer period of time. There needs to be patience and cooperation among major players in the EU economy. The ECB must play its role in stabilising the macro and micro economic variables of the EU economy. The entire EU banking landscape needs to be reformed (Leppänen,2012).At this point, it would wise for policy makers to focus more on a Keynesian principles in a bid to solve the Euro-crisis and expenditure switching is such a policy that is based on Keynesian ideals.
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Policy Analysis Memorandum: Incorporating Criminological Theory Into Policy
Prompt: These critical elements appear as headings in the Memorandum Template and must be addressed: 1. Issue Presented: In a brief one-sentence question, summarize the importance of incorporating an understanding of at least two criminological theories into the decisions that are made regarding departmental policymaking. 2. Short Answer: Provide a short answer that summarizes the conclusion of the memorandum. 3. Statement of Facts: Describe how incorporating these two criminological theories will result in more effective policymaking. 4. Discussion: Using examples from your text and from your own research, briefly discuss at least one example of a departmental policy (from law enforcement, the courts, or corrections) that has effectively been revised to incorporate these two criminological theories. 5. Conclusion: Provide a conclusion based on the research you have done and the details you have gathered. 6. Recommendations: Recommend incorporating an understanding of at least two criminological theories into a departmental policy in one of the three following departments: law enforcement, the courts, or corrections.
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On what policy issues might nurses lobby Congress? What strategies might nurse use to have their voices heard?
The discussion must address the topic.
Rationale must be provided
400 words in your initial post by Wednesday 23:59 pm
Minimum of two scholarly references in APA format within the last five years published
MSN5550 Health Promotion: Prevention of Disease Discussion Board Rubric Criteria Unsatisfactory-Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary Total Ideas, Arguments, & Analysis 0-30 points 35-39 points 40-44 points 45-50 points /50 Ideas expressed lack an understanding of the discussion topic. Comments are irrelevant, off-topic, and/or confusing to follow. Viewpoint, if given, is not supported with evidence or examples. Ideas expressed in discussion posts show a minimal understanding of the discussion topic. Comments are general in nature and/or occasionally may not be relevant. Rehashes or summarizes ideas with limited analysis, original thought, and/or supported viewpoints. Ideas expressed in discussion posts are mostly substantive and relevant to topic; some original thought. Demonstrates logical thinking, reasoning, and/or analysis for most part. Viewpoint is supported with evidence and/or examples. Ideas expressed in discussion posts include original thought, substantial depth, and are relevant to topic. Viewpoint shows strong logical thinking, reasoning, and analysis with evidence and examples. Construction of new meaning and insights are evident. Connection to Course Materials 0-13 points 14-15 points 16-17 points 18-20 points /20 No connections are made to readings or other course materials (lectures, media, resources, etc.), and/or if made, are not clearly stated and are largely personal opinions. Minimal direct connections are made to readings and/or other course materials (lectures, media, resources, etc.). Connections are largely inferred and somewhat unclear at times. Some direct connections are made to readings and/or other course materials (lectures, media, resources, etc.) and are clearly stated for the most part. Strong, direct connections are made to readings and/or other course materials (lectures, media, resources, etc.) and are clearly stated. Contribution to Learning Community 0-13 points 14-15 points 16-17 points 18-20 points /20 Negligible contribution to the learning community. Rarely engages with students and generally ignores others’ posts and/or has a negative effect through misrepresenting content in other posts, inappropriate comments made, and/or attempts to dominate the discussion. Somewhat contributes to the learning community but the focus is generally on own posts. Occasionally interacts with others’ postings but little attempt to involve other students in the discussion. Short statements such as “I agree with…”. Contributes to the learning community. Often attempts to direct group discussion to present relevant viewpoints and meaningful reflection by others. Interacts respectfully with students. Effectively contributes to the learning community. Frequently initiates dialogue and motivates group discussion by providing feedback to students’ postings, asking follow-up questions, and through thoughtful, reflective comments. Respectfully encourages a variety of viewpoints and invites contributions from others. 2 Discussion Board Rubric (continued) Criteria Unsatisfactory-Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary Total Writing Quality 0-6 points 7 points 8 points 9-10 points /10 Posts show a below average/poor writing style that lacks standard English, and/or is difficult for readers to follow. Contains frequent errors in grammar, punctuation, usage, and spelling. Posts show an average and/or casual writing style using standard English that is generally clear but contains some errors in grammar, punctuation, usage, and spelling. Discussion posts show above average writing style that is clear using standard English with minor errors in grammar, punctuation, usage, and/or spelling. Discussion posts are well written and clearly articulated using standard English, characterized by elements of a strong writing style with correct grammar, punctuation, usage, and spelling. TOTAL POINTS (sum of 5 Criteria) /100
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Review the Resources on healthcare policy and regulatory/legislative topics related to health and nursing informatics.
Consider the role of the nurse informaticist in relation to a healthcare organization’s compliance with various policies and regulations, such as the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA).
Research and select one health or nursing informatics policy (within the past 5 years) or regulation for further study.
Briefly and generally explain the policy or regulation you selected ( Telehealth Policy)
The Assignment: (2 pages not including the title and reference page)
Create a 2-page fact sheet that your healthcare organization could hypothetically use to explain the health or nursing informatics policy/regulation you selected. Your fact sheet should address the following:
1. Briefly and generally explain the policy or regulation you selected ( Telehealth Policy)
2. Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on system implementation.
3. Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on clinical care, patient/provider interactions, and workflow.
4. Highlight organizational policies and procedures that are/will be in place at your healthcare organization to address the policy or regulation you selected. Be specific.
Use APA format and include a title page, in-text citations, and reference page.
RUBRICS FOR GRADE
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome. Create a 2-page fact sheet that your healthcare organization could hypothetically use to explain the health or nursing informatics policy/regulation you selected. Your fact sheet should address the following:· Briefly and generally explain the policy or regulation you selected.· Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on system implementation. A fully developed and detailed Fact Sheet is provided for the Assignment….Using the literature and course resources:…The response accurately and thoroughly explains in detail the policy and regulation selected….The response accurately and thoroughly explains in detail the impact of the policy or regulation selected on system implementation.
· Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on system implementation.· Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on clinical care, patient/provider interactions, and workflow. Using the literature and course resources:…The response accurately and thoroughly explains in detail the impact of the policy or regulation selected on system implementation….The response accurately and thoroughly explains in detail the impact of the policy or regulation selected on clinical care, patient/provider interactions, and workflow.
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome· Highlight organizational policies and procedures that are/will be in place at your healthcare organization to address the policy or regulation you selected. Be specific. Using the literature and course resources:…Specific and accurate response thoroughly highlights in detail the organizational policies and procedures that are/will be in place at a healthcare organization to address the policy or regulation selected.
Resources. Assignment includes: 3 or more peer-reviewed articles and 2 or more course resources.
Written Expression and Formatting – Fact Sheet:The Fact Sheet is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The Fact Sheet text is readable. Fact Sheet flows well and is presented in a logical order. Fact sheet is professional with proper attribution, clear images and readable text presented in a logical manner.
Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation. Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – APA:The reference list and image attribution list follow correct APA format. Uses correct APA format with no errors
REQUIRED READING FOR REFENCING
McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2022). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 8, “Legislative Aspects of Nursing Informatics: HIPAA, HITECH and Beyond” (pp. 161–181)
American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2018). MACRA/MIPS: The transition from fee-for-service to quality-based reimbursement Links to an external site.. Retrieved from https://www.aanp.org/legislation-regulation/federal-legislation/macra-s-quality-payment-program
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (n.d.). MACRA Links to an external site.. Retrieved January 18, 2019, from https://www.cms.gov/medicare/quality-initiatives-patient-assessment-instruments/value-based-programs/macra-mips-and-apms/macra-mips-and-apms.html
HealthIT.gov. (2018a). Health IT legislation Links to an external site.. Retrieved from https://www.healthit.gov/topic/laws-regulation-and-policy/health-it-legislation
HealthIT.gov. (2018b). Meaningful use and MACRA Links to an external site.. Retrieved from
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Laws & Regulations Links to an external site.. Retrieved September 27, 2018, from https://www.hhs.gov/regulations/index.html
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Create a 2-page fact sheet that your healthcare organization could hypothetically use to explain the health or nursing informatics policy/regulation you selected. Your fact sheet should address the following:
Briefly and generally explain the policy or regulation you selected.
Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on system implementation.
Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on clinical care, patient/provider interactions, and workflow.
Highlight organizational policies and procedures that are/will be in place at your healthcare organization to address the policy or regulation you selected. Be specific.
Use APA format and include a title page, in-text citations, and a reference page.
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The two sources claim that the President does not matter because of the continued demonstration of the lack of ability to significantly influence policy as the public hopes. Klein for instance, highlights the perpetual historical failures of the presidency to implement policy changes that will lead to the existence of comprehensive health insurance coverage, giving the example of failures by leaders such as Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Lyndon Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton. These perennial failures shared by leaders he argues cannot all be failures, Ezra believes must be blamed on the institution of the presidency, as the checks and balances essentially tie the hands of all white house occupants. Further, both the podcast and the article argue that the president similar to a CEO does not really influence the performance of the country be it in an economic sense, healthcare policies, or other legislative and administrative issues as the public likes to think, because all he can do is mostly provide leadership through various appointments, but not really dictate how these issues progress, as a majority of this depends on the team he appoints. As such, even though he does play a key role, it is not as significant as the public wishes to think.
President does not matter because of the continued demonstration of the lack of ability to significantly influence policy as the public hopes
The president has vastly less powers than is commonly believed in areas such as the economy, which according to Klein’s assertions, is clearly highlighted by the behavior of the stock markets. According to Klein, the stocks fared slightly poorly when the public thought John Kerry would win the presidency, and improved significantly when it became clear that president Bush would reclaim a second term. This clearly demonstrates how much of an influence the president actually has on an economy. Essentially all the president can do is to appoint a team and try to push through favorable legislaton, which might actually be harder to accomplish than is thought.
The only option, through which a government can function with a weak presidency effectively, is to control both houses (the senate and congress). This would actually allow for the party in power to shape policies that would guide important issues within the country as well as drive their own agenda. This would then allow the weak presidency to push through legislation favorable to its cause. I do not believe that the framers of the constitution intended for the presidency to be a weak office, as historically speaking, the founding fathers were themselves strong individuals with great hopes for the country, they would not therefore have shot themselves in the foot by limiting how much of an influence they can exert on policy making. However, due to attempts to try and institute checks and balances, the constitution ended up creating a weak presidency incapable of influencing legislation as much as would have been hoped.
The president is sometimes helpless in carrying out some of the campaign promises due to the other arms of government, namely: the legislature and the judiciary. These arms of government usually act as huge impediments to the president actually being able to carry out and fulfill campaign pledges for instance through opposing legislation that would allow him to do so, or through unfavorable judgments. Personally, I still believe that the presidency does matter, more so if the party in power is also able to garner a majority in both houses. It is the presidency that appoints the team charged with implementing changes, as well as with drafting the policy proposals aimed at effecting those changes, not to mention campaigning for these policies
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There have been a lot of concerns on the number of illegal aliens entering the United States and the impact they bring to the continent. These illegal aliens have not entered United States without the government knowing but have also desecrated the United States law and even its municipalities. At the local and state levels, arresting, sentencing, prosecuting, and supervising these illegal aliens termed to be criminals is a big problem (Clark & Anderson, 2000). Six states have filed suits that forced the federal government to reimburse them for the criminal justice costs connected with these illegal aliens. They have stated that it is the responsibility of the federal government to keep illegal aliens out of the country and expelling those who are in the country.
Policy Analysis II Paper
This essay shows the characteristics of these illegal aliens in the criminal justice system at state, local and federal levels. The analysis done at the federal level is based on the data from the United States Sentencing Commission that contains info on the criminal defendants who have been sentenced according to the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act and Pretrial Services Act Information System that contains info of charged defendants having federal offences (Clark & Anderson, 2000). The numbers of the illegal aliens that are in the federal criminal justice have shot up sharply. This is because the border enforcement was increased, increase in inhabitant illegal alien population and better identification methods used for the illegal aliens.
Other different factors may also play a role in the numbers of increased illegal aliens in the federal criminal justice. In determining what leads to the changes in criminal activities, Pretrial Services Act Information System and United States Sentencing Commission data are limited. After the introduction of Operations Hold the Line and Gatekeeper, the population of these illegal aliens’ defendants that were accused and convicted of crossing the border illegally increased. Even though the convictions for these offenses increased in other different districts, not the two districts that were the homes of the initiatives. Missing any details on the law enforcement initiatives in the data sets associated with every arrest, conclusions on the links between arrests and enforcements become suggestive. The ability in tracking the level of changes in criminal activities on the illegal aliens will be enhanced if increased data on the aliens is collected.
The Cook County analysis showed that the enormous majority number of illegal aliens offenders in New York, California, Illinois and Florida were people who entered with no knowledge or permission issued form the government of United States (Clark & Anderson, 2000). Many illegal aliens that have apprehended themselves at the local level are long term immigrants.
In conclusion, by increasing the prosecutions and convictions of these illegal aliens, numbers and estimated costs used in supervising and incarcerating defendants who were convicted in the federal courts were affected. Incase the efforts of border interdiction reduce attempts in illegal entries by these aliens; the negative effect on the federal criminal justice system may be o short basis. For the criminal activities among the illegal aliens to reduce, the number of EWIs is supposed to be reduced. By reducing the population of the illegal aliens coming to the United States may have emotional impact on crime rates beyond the United States Mexican border.
Reference
Clark, R.L. & Anderson, S.A. (2000, June 30). Illegal Aliens in Federal, State, and Local Criminal Justice Systems. Urban Institute. Retrieved February 28, 2013, < http://www.urban.org/publications/410366.html>
Clark, R.L. & Anderson, S.A. (2001). Illegal Aliens in Federal, State, and Local Criminal Justice Systems. Crime & Justice International, 17(56), 9-10, 33-35.
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