Tag: reforms

Reforms in the nations healthcare system to ensure the provision and access to quality and affordable health care

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The new legislation was passed to facilitate reforms in the nation’s healthcare system to ensure the provision and access to quality and affordable health care to the American people. In addition, it has had positive impacts on the nursing profession in that it caters for education of licensed nurses and provide them with a favorable working environment with an aim to offering better health services to the nation.

In my view, one of the most important nursing provision in the act is the Primary Care Workforce under the Nursing workforce provision. The nursing profession is deemed to gain from this provision as it promotes Nursing Workforce Development Programs. Nurses that become part of the Public Health Service Corps will participate in routine training, involuntary calls to national duties during national emergencies and be available to serve in underserved communities (PPACA, Section 5210). This promotes career advancements within the nursing profession and it improves patient care delivery into areas with the greatest need for example areas that are geographically isolated and economically disadvantaged.

Advanced Practice Registered Nurses have also included in the healthcare reform. They include registered nurses with specialty training in primary care for example, nurse practitioners, nurse mid-wives and clinical nurse specialists (Goudreau & Smolenski, 2014). The legislation has fostered for Graduate Nurse Education by setting aside $50 million per year for FY2012 through FY2015 to establish a graduate nurse education demonstration program in Medicare. This means that the nurses would have open opportunities for training, as up to five qualified hospitals would be funded to cater for their educational costs, clinical instructions costs and any other direct or indirect cost (No author found, 2010).

References

Goudreau, K. & Smolenski, M. (2014). Health policy and advanced practice nursing: impact and implications. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.

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Choose any industry and discuss the reforms done or needed in that industry. • Demand and supply of a product of your choice and factors that affect the demand and supply sides of the market. • Market structures like Monopoly, Oligopoly and Monopolistic competition in Australia. Structure of the Essay

Posted on | by KN Simon
  HI5003 Economics for Business Tri2 2016 (More in your unit outline) Topics for Individual essay DUE Class 6 Choose any One of the topics from the following list: • Scarce resources- which resource and in which country/industry are seen as scarce and what is being done in the industry or country. What substitutes have been used to overcome this problem! • Micro economics – Choose any industry and discuss the reforms done or needed in that industry. • Demand and supply of a product of your choice and factors that affect the demand and supply sides of the market. • Market structures like Monopoly, Oligopoly and Monopolistic competition in Australia. Structure of the Essay • Introduction – which topic 200 words • Body- Discuss the topic in the article and with some theory -700 words • Conclusion 100 words Note= – More marks for research – choosing a good article on something specific topic from the above list – There is no need to explain the theory/concepts in the essay on its own – More marks for application and your comments on the topic – You need to provide a link to the article with your essay. Also attach the safe assignment report with your essay, if a hard copy is required. – Upload the soft copy on BB by Fri 5pm week 6.
Instruction:

HI5003 Economics for Business
Tri2 2016
(More in your unit outline)
Topics for Individual essay DUE Class 6

Choose any One of the topics from the following list:

• Scarce resources- which resource and in which country/industry are seen as scarce and what is being done in the industry or country. What substitutes have been used to overcome this problem!

• Micro economics – Choose any industry and discuss the reforms done or needed in that industry.

• Demand and supply of a product of your choice and factors that affect the demand and supply sides of the market.

• Market structures like Monopoly, Oligopoly and Monopolistic competition in Australia.

Structure of the Essay

• Introduction – which topic 200 words
• Body- Discuss the topic in the article and with some theory -700 words
• Conclusion 100 words

Note=
– More marks for research – choosing a good article on something specific topic from the above list
– There is no need to explain the theory/concepts in the essay on its own
– More marks for application and your comments on the topic
– You need to provide a link to the article with your essay. Also attach the safe assignment report with your essay, if a hard copy is required.
– Upload the soft copy on BB by Fri 5pm week 6.

HI5003 Economics for Business

                     Tri2 2016          

                 (More in your unit outline)

       Topics for Individual essay   DUE Class 6

 

Choose any One of the topics from the following list:

 

  • Scarce resources- which resource and in which country/industry are seen as scarce and what is being done in the industry or country. What substitutes have been used to overcome this problem!

 

  • Micro economics – Choose any industry and discuss the reforms done or needed in that industry.

 

  • Demand and supply of a product of your choice and factors that affect the demand and supply sides of the market.

 

  • Market structures like Monopoly, Oligopoly and Monopolistic competition in Australia.

 

 

Structure of the Essay

 

  • Introduction – which topic 200 words
  • Body- Discuss the topic in the article and with some theory -700 words
  • Conclusion 100 words

 

Note=

  • More marks for research – choosing a good article on something specific topic from the above list
  • There is no need to explain the theory/concepts in the essay on its own
  • More marks for application and your comments on the topic
  • You need to provide a link to the article with your essay. Also attach the safe assignment report with your essay, if a hard copy is required.
  • Upload the soft copy on BB by Fri 5pm week 6.

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How significant a role does federalism play in the operation of health care in these two systems? What reforms in Canadian federalism would you propose in order to improve the quality of the health care system in this country?

Posted on | by KN Simon

How significant a role does federalism play in the operation of health care in these two systems? What reforms in Canadian federalism would you propose in order to improve the quality of the health care system in this country?.

How significant a role does federalism play in the operation of health care in these two systems? What reforms in Canadian federalism would you propose in order to improve the quality of the health care system in this country?

Paper details 

This is the essay question provided by my instructor with specific questions within it that must be answered at some point in the essay. Because this is a Political Science course the history behind healthcare is important but not as important as the technicalities of each government and how those details affect their respective healthcare systems. There must be a clear focus on federalism in this essay. If possible, all references should be either part of a government sector, a university press or simply an institution(s) with academic authority. Thank you!

5. Some analysts have argued that with the implementation of Obamacare in the United States, the American health care system is now superior to that of Canada, particularly because, like Canada, it now provides universal health care to most of its adult population. It also is a better funded and operated system. Do you agree with this comparative evaluation of the Canadian and American health care systems? Why or why not? How significant a role does federalism play in the operation of health care in these two systems? What reforms in Canadian federalism would you propose in order to improve the quality of the health care system in this country?


AuthorMickey Miller
Posted onMay 11, 2015
CategoriesUncategorized

How significant a role does federalism play in the operation of health care in these two systems? What reforms in Canadian federalism would you propose in order to improve the quality of the health care system in this country?

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A New Database Of Financial Reforms

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A New Database Of Financial Reforms.

Question:

Describe about A New Database of Financial Reforms?
 
 

Answer:

Introduction

The global financial system continues to be buoyed by the risk appetite of the investor. The volatility of the financial markets affects the economic growth of the country. The failure of the financial market provides a rationale for the government intervention. The paper has tried to understand the rationale behind the intervention of the Government for the stability of the financial markets. The paper has identified the major market failures. The success of the Government intervention in the financial markets has been mixed (Szafarz, n.d.).

Significance of the study

The study on the Government intervention is important. It will help to identify the rationale behind the Government intervention. The regulatory mechanism applied by the Government can be studied. The role of Government in era of financial innovation is important. It will help to determine the success factors of the financial innovation. The role of Government is the success can be identified (Worldfinance.com, 2015).

Scope of the study

The paper analyses the significance of Government intervention to stabilize the financial market. The paper will identify the role played by the Government in the era of financial innovation. The various pressures on the financial organizations while reporting in the financial statements will be analyzed. It will also identify the role played by the Government during financial debacle. The positive and negative aspects of intervention of the Government will be analyzed in the paper.

Literature Review

The role of the Government in the financial market has been a long standing debate. The major areas of debate are as follows –

The modern capitalist form of society is marked by phenomena of financial crisis and economic recessions. The decisions taken by the banks are not enough to control the financial debacles. The costs that are associated with the collapse of the savings and the loan association in United States can be considered as big financial debacles. The financial problems have extended from United States to Japan. It has also spread across number of European countries. It is also spread across number of developing countries across the globe. Thus in order to resolve the issues and bring financial stability in the country, intervention of the Government has become mandatory.

There have been important financial innovations in the past decade. This has led to the introduction and development of new institutions and new technologies. The capital markets have developed them in order to be a hallmark of the developed economy.

Deregulation has been a dominant theme in the economic policy of the countries. It is also seen in the financial markets. The major reason behind the deregulation is to liberalize the financial markets. But there has been debate regarding the basis behind the liberalization of the financial market. It has been said that neither the economic policy , nor the government intervention has been the major reason behind liberalization of the financial market.

The existence of market failure need not justify the government intervention. Since the financial markets are complex, the regulators of the financial markets are bestowed with variety of problems. Failure of the policies of the Government is seen in the United States savings and loan debacle (Dwyer, 2005).

Government intervention in the Australian financial market

The impact of global recession in Australia has been less severe than the OECD countries. The financial sector has been protected by the limited negative impact of the financial crisis on the economy. The role of the Government plays a major role to combat such a financial debacle. The monetary and fiscal policies by the Government have been developed in response to the crisis. There has been positive growth in the economy of the country by 0.5% every year aftermath the financial crisis (Federalreserve.gov, 2015). This has outperformed most of the OECD countries. The intervention of the Government policies has resulted in robust growth of the labor income and payments. It was a part of the fiscal stimulus package of the Government. In response to the financial crisis the monetary policy by the Government has provided a significant boost to the balance sheet of the households. In the early 2009, Australia has benefitted from the positive contribution from the foreign trade (Lensberg, Schenk-Hoppé & Ladley, 2015). This has been possible as a result of imports from China. Unlike the OECD countries, the profitability of the banks was not affected by the financial crisis. The policy response of the Reserve Bank and the Federal Government has helped to protect the financial system of the country. The prudential regulation from RBA with the creation of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) in the year 1998 regulated the financial sector of the country. The regulators of the financial market responded to the recent crisis in a prudent manner. The increase in the nervousness of the financial market was regulated by the intervention of the Federal Government (Hao & Lu, n.d.).

The competition in the Australian Banking sector is healthy. The concentration of the housing loans in the country has increased (Zarutskie, n.d.). The market is still competitive as the non Australian banks comprise 30% of the business credit and the competition is considered to be a healthy alternative. However in order to boost the economy, competition has been reinforced in the mortgage market. The Government has extended its investment in the residential and mortgage backed securities (RMBS) in order to support the small lenders (Singh & LaBrosse, n.d.).

The Australian Government has introduced measures that will favor stability as well as competition in the economy. The efficient financial system will be able to promote the growth and standard of living. On the other hand the competition policy has been introduced in order to encourage innovation and efficiency. RBA has undertaken long standing measures to prmote the financial stability of the economy (Hauge, Löfström & Mellegård, 2014). The APRA has been developed to taken systemic review of the financial position of the economy while conducting its prudential regulation. The systemic risks are minimized by the clearing and systems of settlement. The treasury is responsible for advising the Government on the issues of financial stability. The regulatory systems in Australia have “instrument independence”. They have the freedom to exercise their responsibilities so that the goal of the Government can be met in an efficient manner and a stable financial system can be restored. This will support the growth of the economy. The independence of the financial system requires the explicit support from the Government which is critical to ensure the effectiveness of the financial regulators (‘Government failure versus market failure: microeconomics policy research and government performance’, 2007).

Role of competition policy in the financial sectors and Government intervention

The extent to which the competition policy can be applied in the financial sector remains unclear. But the attitude towards the competition in the banking has changed dramatically. The mergers in United States are under constant review of the Government. But the intervention of the Government is liberal than it is visible in other countries. The mergers are assessed by the Government on the basis of the relevant regulator (Kettl, 2000). The implementation of competition policy in the banking sector in Europe has strengthened substantially. In Canada it is seen that the merger of the financial institution will be exempted from the control of merger if the Minister of Finance certifies that the merger will be in the best interest of the financial system of Canada. Similarly in Switzerland, the competition authority may be replaced and a possible merger of the bank will be approved if it becomes a necessity to protect the interest of the creditors (Chen & Findlay, 2003). In the financial sectors, the Governments are under constant pressure to support the industries in order to favor the economic recovery (Financial Stability Review, 2014).

Guarantee arrangements as a part of the financial system landscape

One of the policy intervention mechanism by the Government has been in the form of guarantee arrangements is some parts of the financial sector. The fiscal outlays for such type of arrangements are less. There will not be a rise in the fiscal costs even if the coverage of the risks does not materialize. Conscious policies were introduced by some countries in order to form a firewall into the financial system. This was done to prevent the real shocks in the economy. In this context it was suggested by Wylie (2009) that Australia and United States can be considered as opposite ends of the spectrum in the policy use of guarantees to address the financial policy objectives. The domestic financial market of United States has been benefitted from the government supported guarantee arrangements for the depositors and the pension fund beneficiaries. On the other hand, Australia did not have any insurance on deposit prior to the financial crisis. The sense of complacency has been potentially harmful among the beneficiaries. The role of guarantee arrangements has been reassessed by the Government aftermath the global financial crisis. The Government has introduced certain measures to maintain the investor and consumer confidence in the system. In the year 2010, the European commission has launched a public consultation regarding the methods for the improvement of the protection for the insurance policy holders. It was stated that the policies would be implemented in all the member states (Hanazaki, 2000).

Disadvantages of Government Intervention

Recapitalization

The selling of the Government stakes in the market place has negative impact on the equity markets. The financial position for the banks could be improved by repayment from the recapitalized banks. This was demonstrated by United States where the banks had welcomed the repayment of the Troubled Assets Recovery Plan funds by the various financial institutions.

Purchase of assets by the Government

 There are several cases where the Government has purchased assets which are impaired and illiquid. This is done mostly to help the bank to clear their balance sheet. The impaired assets can be sold by the banks in the market or it could be held by the Government until their expiry. In such cases the role of the Government is to raise highest possible return by efficient management of the asset. Inefficient management of the assets could be potential cost to the Government. It largely depends on the price to which the assets are sold in the market (Claessens, 2006).

Government intervention affects Global trade

The international trade is affected by the interventionist Government. Free market regulation is beneficial for the countries like America and Europe. Excessive pressure on the banking system has adverse impact on the banking system of the countries. But it was argued by Friedman that the market has to be free so that it can operate freely. But intervention of the Government introduces political intervention which results in poor performance of the financial markets. According to him free market is the best way in which an economy can run. There is no exchange takes place and both the parties are benefitted (Goldstein, Kaminsky & Reinhart, 2000).

Failure of Government strategies

Many Governments have been reluctant to sanction high level of funds. They had taken the initiative foreseeing better opportunities for the growth in the investment from the private sector. The Government had undertaken the measure in order to take advantage of the better business environment by using skilled work force. There has been a cutback in the public spending and the stability of the debt levels has been achieved by the measures taken by Government of Britain and Germany. But the strategies implemented by the Government gave rise to mixed results (Abiad, Detragiache & Tressel, 2009). The growth in UK stalled and there was double dip recession in the country. The Government was forced to cutback expenditure (Mason, 2009).

Conclusion

The paper has identified the positive and negative aspect of the Government intervention on the financial markets. The intervention of the Government in the financial market of Australia has been successful in recovery of the economy from the financial crisis. The recovery of the Australian economy was faster than the OECD countries. This is due to the policies implemented by the Government for the financial stability. The competition policy of the Government has driven the growth of the economy. Other country like United States, Europe and Asian market has been able to recover from the financial turmoil as a result of government intervention. But the intervention of the Government has posed threat to the economy. The purchase of illiquid assets has resulted in poor growth of the banking sector. The intervention of the Government in the financial market has also been a result of political pressure. This has resulted in instability of the financial markets. But the Government intervention by formulating certain policies has been beneficial to stabilize the economy from the financial debacles of recession. The disdain of the financial market could be controlled to a considerable extent by the measures implemented by the Government.

References

Abiad, A., Detragiache, E., & Tressel, T. (2009). A New Database of Financial Reforms. IMF Staff Pap, 57(2), 281-302. doi:10.1057/imfsp.2009.23

Chen, C., & Findlay, C. (2003). A Review of Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions in APEC. Asian-Pac Econ Lit, 17(2), 14-38. doi:10.1046/j.1467-8411.2003.00129.x

Claessens, S. (2006). Access to Financial Services: A Review of the Issues and Public Policy Objectives. The World Bank Research Observer, 21(2), 207-240. doi:10.1093/wbro/lkl004

Dwyer, G. (2005). Introduction to the journal of financial stability issue on regulation and financial stability. Journal Of Financial Stability, 1(3), 275-278. doi:10.1016/j.jfs.2005.02.001

Federalreserve.gov,. (2015). FRB: Speech with Slideshow–Powell, Financial Institutions, Financial Markets, and Financial Stability–February 18, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015, from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20150218a.htm

Financial Stability Review. (2014) (1st ed., pp. 1-20).

Goldstein, M., Kaminsky, G., & Reinhart, C. (2000). Assessing financial vulnerability. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.

Government failure versus market failure: microeconomics policy research and government performance. (2007). Choice Reviews Online, 44(09), 44-5165-44-5165. doi:10.5860/choice.44-5165

Hanazaki, M. (2000). Is Japan’s financial system efficient?. Oxford Review Of Economic Policy, 16(2), 61-73. doi:10.1093/oxrep/16.2.61

Hao, Y., & Lu, J. The Impact of Government Intervention on Corporate Investment Allocation and Efficiency: Evidence from China. SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2512351

Hauge, Å., Löfström, E., & Mellegård, S. (2014). How to Maximize the Chances of Sustainable Renovation in Housing Cooperatives. Energy Procedia, 58, 193-198. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.428

Kettl, D. (2000). The Transformation of Governance: Globalization, Devolution, and the Role of Government. Public Administration Review, 60(6), 488-497. doi:10.1111/0033-3352.00112

Lensberg, T., Schenk-Hoppé, K., & Ladley, D. (2015). Costs and benefits of financial regulation: Short-selling bans and transaction taxes. Journal Of Banking & Finance, 51, 103-118. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.10.014

Mason, C. (2009). Public Policy Support for the Informal Venture Capital Market in Europe: A Critical Review. International Small Business Journal, 27(5), 536-556. doi:10.1177/0266242609338754

Singh, D., & LaBrosse, J. Developing a Framework for Effective Financial Crisis Management. SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2001978

Szafarz, A. How Did Financial-Crisis-Based Criticisms of Market Efficiency Get it so Wrong?. SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1510444

Worldfinance.com,. (2015). Too much government meddling?. Retrieved 19 March 2015, from https://www.worldfinance.com/home/special-reports-home/to-intervene-or-not-to-internvene

Zarutskie, R. Competition, Financial Innovation and Specialization in Credit Markets. SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1364196

A New Database Of Financial Reforms

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A tool for Financial Reforms in the Philippines Essay

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A tool for Financial Reforms in the Philippines Essay.

Taxation is regarded as one among fiscal policies in governance. It plays a vital role in the development of a country. The ability to collect taxes is a core functions of an effective state. Taxes, if used properly, can promote economic growth and lessen income inequalities. For a country like the Philippines, it begins with the actuality that it provides the revenue needed to finance government activities. Thus, the traditional tax reform programs are premised mainly in generating more revenues to finance public expenditures1 Initiating tax reforms, however, are often difficult.

Taxation is often referred to as a classic case of a collective action problem. While government provisions of public goods can benefit everyone, the greater majority of the citizens would rather enjoy the benefits of public goods without contributing to the cost of providing them through taxes. This is the reason why there is no consistency for tax reforms, and there are very few lawmakers or legislators who would champion increasing taxes.

Moreover, the coercive nature of taxation and perceptions of corruption in government lead to little confidence by citizens that taxes that they pay are translated into public services.

Nonetheless, recent studies have shown that engaging citizens to tax debates and bargaining can be a more effective tax reform strategy. This role for taxation as a catalyst for more responsive and accountable governments and for expanding the state-citizens relations. However, is often overlooked. Contemporary study on taxation and development has found that taxation can strengthen state-society relationships with positive consequences for state and the extent to which governments are responsive and accountable top their citizens2.

In other words, taxation has the potential not just to increase revenue but to contribute to broad improvements in governance, by encouraging taxpayers to engage directly with the government to demand public services and responsibilities in return for tax compliance. This referred to the state-building approach to tax reforms. Several types of taxes have been evolved based on the existing provisions of the law related to revenue collections. Travel tax is one among those types which the government imposed and mandates in every tourists who leave the country.

Travel tax reforms have been changed from the time the administration also changed. Today, amendments, alterations and passing the bills on tourism protection in order to raise revenue for the settlement of debts and borrowings and for government investments purposes. Significance of the Study and Problem Statement The purpose of the research study is to review and analyse the pending Senate Bill No. 2018 “An Act Allocating the Travel Tax Collection to the Philippine Tourism Authority, Amending thereby Presidential Decree 1183, as Amended, and the Republic Act No. 7722, and For Other Purposes otherwise known as “The Travel Tax Reform Act of 2013 authored by the Hon. Senator Jinggoy Ejercito Estrada3. It seeks to give a clear view of the elements in passing this bill as part of tax reforms and serves as guiding principles for future tax reforms in the Philippines, eventually, propose specific tax reforms strategies whether this would be applicable to better governance emphasizing the values of accountability, responsiveness, transparency and a democratic government. How can travel tax reforms can be modified to take more account of government and state-building objectives?

This research study will serve as guide on applying the principles of Fiscal administration, its principles, policies and functions and be able to relate our views not only for the academe, actors in the public administration but for the public administration practitioners. The output of this study is to provide adequate information on travel tax reforms in the country for convenience for revenue purposes. The main focus of the analysis is to test whether this pending bill is a necessity for the country’s development. Objectives of the Study

The researcher, in particular, intends to come up with the following objective: 1. Present a comprehensive details and review of the pending bill whether this is applicable to the massive development of our economy. 2. Evaluate the Philippines’ experience in travel tax reforms based on specific framework. 3. Determine and examine the existing rules, policies, provisions of the law and how this can be reformed to increase state accountability and increase tax morale. 4. Provide policy recommendations that can be adopted for future travel tax reforms and to give stand on the matter whether this bill shall be passed or not.

Fiscal Policy in the Philippine Fiscal Administration In economics and political science, fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection, also known as taxation. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending in various sectors. These changes can affect the following macroeconomic variable in the economy: Aggregate demand, distribution of income, allocation of scarce resources, expenditures, debt – borrowings and spending. Development and growth in the economy may vary on the fiscal policy of the government.

Fiscal policy refers to the use of the government budget to influence economic activity. It also refers to the “measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocation of taxes and government expenditures. Fiscal measuresare frequently used to tandem with monetary policy tom achieve certain goals. In the Philippines, this is characterized by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there have been improvements in the last few years.

The Philippines government’s main source of revenue are taxes, with some non-tax revenue also being collected. To finance fiscal deficit and debt, the Philippines relies on both domestic and external sources. Fiscal policy during Marcos regime inherited a large fiscal deficit from the previous administration, but managed to reduce fiscal imbalance and improve tax collection through the introduction of the 1986 Tax Reform Program and the value added tax. The Ramos Administration experienced budget surpluses due to substantial gains from massive sales of government assets and strong foreign investments in its early years.

However, the implementation of the 1997 Comprehensive Tax Reform and the onset of the Asian financial crisis resulted to a deteriorating fiscal position in the succeeding years and administrations. The Estrada Administration faced a large fiscal deficit due to the decrease in tax effort and the repayment of the Ramos Administration’s debt to contractors and suppliers. During Arroyo Administration, the Expanded Value Added Tax Law was enacted, national debt-to-GDP ratio peaked, and the underspending on public infrastructure and other capital expenditures was observed.

During the First Regular Session of the 16th Congress of the Philippines, Senate Bill No. 2018 was introduced by the Hon. Senator Jingoy Ejercito Estrada4. The Bill entitled: “ An Act Allocating the Travel Tax Collection to the Philippine Tourism Authority, Amending Thereby Presidential Decree 1183, and Republic Act 7722, and For Other Purposes: As explained by the Senator, he gives the vital role of tourism industry in boosting the country’s economy. Based on its mantra “ It’s More Fun in the Philippines, the Department of Tourism (DOT) recorded 2. 38 million visitors or an 11.08% increase from various last year’s arrivals, for the first half of 2013 alone. In addition to this, the National Statistical Coordination Board (NCSB) revealed on November 2012 that according to the latest results of the Philippine Tourism Satellite (PTSA), the contribution of tourism in the economy in 2011 was 5. 9%, based on the share of tourism direct gross value added (TDGV) to total gross domestic product. PTSA further revealed that “share of tourism employment to the total employment in the country slightly increased at 10. 3 percent estimated at 3. 8 million in 2011, higher by 3. 5 percent from last year’s 3. 7 million. 5

Under section 3 of the Senate Bill “Allocation of Travel Tax Collection to the Philippine Tourism Authority. Pursuant to the aforecited state policy, all proceeds of the travel tax shall be utilized exclusively for the tourism projects of the Philippine Tourism Authority. According to Mr. Julian Misolas Jr6. , The Philippine Tourism Agency is the sole agency responsible for the collection of Travel taxes either a Filipino citizens or a Foreigner leaving the country. The other provisions of the bill stated the restriction of the accredited collection agency, there Remittances of the Travel tax Collection and Submission of reports, Traveltax exemptions, the Travel tax refund, and civil remedies. Under the remedies, there are two options in order to cope up with the circumstances: a) Distraint of Personal property and b) Levy on Real Estate Property. What is Travel Tax? Travel Tax is a levy imposed by the Philippine government on the following individuals who are leaving the country irrespective of the place where their air ticket is issued and the form or place or payment, as provided for by Presidential Decree 1183. “Under presidential Decree (PD) 1183, as amended by PD 1205, Batas Pambansa 38.

And Executive Order 283, Filipinos and other nationals traveling to the other countries are required to pay travel tax before departure from the Philippines, irrespective where the air ticket is issued and the form of place of payment”. The following individuals are required to pay the travel tax: Filipino nationals, permanent resident aliens, Non-resident aliens who have stayed in the Philippines for more than one (1). There are exemptions to the general rule: The following Filipino citizens are exempted from the payment of travel tax pursuant to Se2.Of PD 1183, as amended): 1) Overseas Filipino Workers, Filipino permanent residents abroad whose stay in the Philippines is less than a year and 3) infants ( 2 years old and below) . Among those exempted from paying the travel taxes, they have to present valid identification documents to certify the authenticity of stay. Upon submission of the documentary documents, citizens are eligible for reduce rate of travel. Under Republic Act 7194 otherwise known as the Balikbayan Law, on November 7, 2002 during the 12th Congress this laws was approved.

“An Act Amending Republic Act 6768, Entitled, “An Act Instituting A Balikabayan Program’ by Providing Additional benefits and Privileges to Balikbayan and For Other Purposes: Sec 1. … A Balikbayan Program is hereby instituted under the administration of the Department of Tourism to attract and encourage Overseas Filipino to come and visit their Motherland… Section 1 encourages Overseas Filipino to come and visit their motherland. This is to recognize their notable contribution to the economy of the country through the foreign exchange inflow and revenue that they generate.

Section 2 gives the definition of Balikbayan which means a Filipino citizen who has been continuously OUT OF THE Philippines for a period at least one (1) year, A Filipino Overseas workers or a former a Filipino citizens and his or her family. The definition of family and the livelihood tools. Under Section 3 enumerated the benefits and privileges of the balikabayan. Among are the followings: a. Tax- exempt from maximum purchase in the amount of One Thousand Five Hundred united States dollars ($ 1,500.00) or its equivalent in Philippine Peso and in foreign currencies at all government-owned and controlled/operated duty-free shops subject to the limitations contained in Section 4 hereof; b. All domestic carriers shall establish a special promotional/incentive program for the balikbayan. c. Visa free entry to the Philippines for a period of one year (1) year for foreign passport holders, with exception of restricted nationals. d. Travel tax exemption as provided under Presidential Decree 1183 and other allied laws e.

Especially designated reception areas at the authorized [ports of entry for the expeditious processing of documents. f. Accredited transportation facilities that will ensure their safe and convenient trips upon arrival. The Department of Tourism and the Department of Transportation and Communication and other concerned government agencies are hereby mandated to implement the program for this particular purpose; and g. Kahayan shopping privilege and additional tax exempt purchase in the maximum amount of Two Thousand United States dollars ( $ 2,000.00) or its equivalent in Philippine peso. h. Limitation have been stipulated in the law and duly approved by the President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. It has been published in the official gazetteer at least (two) national papers of general circulations, whichever come earlier. Republic Act 9174 provides framework to those person indicated in Section 1 and 2 of this law for the exemption from paying the travel taxes. Other provisions are the restrictions and limitations thereat.

Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA)_has changed its name to Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority ( TIEZA) under Republic Act 9593 otherwise known as Tourism Act of 2009 duly approved by the president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in May 11, 2009, during the second regular session of the 14th Congress. The Act Entitled “An Act Declaring a National Policy for Tourism as an Engine of Investment, Employment, Growth and national Development, and Strengthening the Department of Tourism and its Attached Agencies to Effectively, Efficiently implement that Policy and Appropriating Funds Therefor.

TIEZA has the sole authority to collect travel taxes and give benefits and privileges to those qualified Filipinos and those stated in Section 2 of the P. D. 1183. A certification of Compliance has been issued to TIEZA which will serve as the Transparency Seal provisions of the General Appropriation Act of 2013, 2012 and 211. Attached as annex a certification issued to TIEZA. Under section 4 of the Act it defined the following terms used: (a) “Department” refers to the Department of Tourism created pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 189 (1973), as amended.(b) “Secretary” refers to the Secretary of Tourism (c) “Duty Free Philippines (DFP) refers to government agency created out of DFP pursuant to this Act. (d) “Duty Free Philippines Corporation (DFPC) refers to corporate entity created out of DFP pursuant to this Act. (e) “Philippines Conventions and Visitors Corporation (PCVC) refers to the corporate entity created pursuant to presidential Decree No. 86, amended. (f) “Intramuros Administration 9IA) refers to the government agency created pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1616 (1979), as amended.

(g) “Philippine retirement Authority (PRA) refers to the government agency created pursuant to Executive order No. 1037 (1985). (h) “Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)” refers to government agency created pursuant to this Act. (i) “Tourism EEnterprise Zone” (TEZ) refers to tourism (j) “TEZ overseer” refers to any person who shall be appointed by the TIEZA in specific zones to perform such functions as may be delegated by the TIEZA in accordance with law… Other related definitions can refer to Section 4 of this Act. Under Section 72 of this Act provides funding for TIEZA.

The TIEZA shall obtained the funds for itys operations from the following: (a) Fifty percent (50%) of the proceeds from the travel tax collections; (b) A reasonable share from the collections of Office of Tourism resource generation, to be determined by the Department (c) Income from Projects managed by TIEZA (d) Subsidies and grants from local and foreign sources that maybe received by the TIEZA. At least five (5%) from the travel tax collection which shall accrue to the TIEZA shall be earmarked for the development of historic, cultural, religious and heritage sits and prime tourist destinations….{underscoring supplied} Section 73 of this Act state the Collection and Allocation of Travel Taxes. For purposes of this Act, the TIEZA shall the principal agency responsible for the timely collection of travel taxes. Amounts to be collected by the TIEZA shall be distributed in the manner provided for under this Act: Provided, that the national government shall for alternative funding sources for programs funded by the travel tax in the event of a phase out travel tax collection following international agreements.

Pursuant to Section 72 of this Act fifty percent (50%) of the proceeds out of travel tax collections shall accrue to the tIEZA. The government contribution to the Higher Education Development Fund, equivalent to forty (40%) percent from the total gross collections of travel tax, shall be retained: Provided that the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) shall give priority to tourism related educational programs and course.

The ten percent (10%) share of the national Commission for the Culture and the Arts from the total gross collections of the travel tax shall likewise be retained. Public Budgeting Allocation of Budget in Tourism industry especially in the collection and allocation of Travel Taxes has counterpart, with the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), The Department of Finance (DOF), Commission on Audit (COA), Bureau of Internal (BIR), The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the National Commission on Culture and the Arts (NCAA) and other concerned agency in tourism industry.

The Appropriation based on the General Appropriation Act of 2013 for the Department of Tourism (DOT). It is a political process because the decision and priorities is determine more valuable to the society and boosting technical and merit with constituents need or demands.

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