Data analytics plays an important role in marketing management. There are many types of data to be gathered and studied. Structured data are quantitative data that can be stored in a fixed format, such as a spreadsheet or list. Computers can easily process these data. Examples of structured data are the following:
Data from social media sites, such as Facebook or LinkedIn
Photos
Text messages
Voicemails
Semi-structured data are a combination of both structured and unstructured data. An example would be an e-mail. The to and from fields would be considered structured data that are easily categorized, and the body of the e-mail would be unstructured, which is not as easily categorized. All of these data combined, along with other types, contribute to big data.
Using what you have learned, use the following questions to guide your response:
How do companies use these data? For example, a company that makes video games for Xbox or PlayStation can track their players’ common actions before making an in-game purchase.
Describe 2 ethical dilemmas that business organizations face when using big data. For example, sharing private customer information with your best friend without the customer’s consent would be a potential ethical dilemma because the business holds private information.
Part 2 – 400 words
An entrepreneur is someone who decides to either create a new product or an improved product to fill a need in the market that is not being met. The entrepreneur assumes the risk of marketing this new product or service but also benefits from revenues earned. There are other benefits as well. The entrepreneur is their own boss and can embrace creative freedom. Entrepreneurs take pride in what they are doing and are passionate about their venture. They are also responsible for getting the word out about their new product to build brand awareness. Social media platforms are one of the most powerful tools to accomplish this in the digital world.
As an entrepreneur launching a new brand of snack mix, you have determined that social media is going to be an inexpensive, expansive method to promote your new products and services.
Using what you have learned, use the following questions to guide your response:
Which 2 social media platforms are going to provide the most exposure for your brand and why?
Which social media platform will not be appropriate for your brand and why?
What is 1 way you can optimize your product description?
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The Role of British and the United States in the Arabian Gulf Region 1899-1968
The British and the United States presence in the Arabian Gulf Region was primarily driven by self-inducted motives to use the region to empower their nations. Britain was a major power as it had managed to gain colonies all globally while the United States had been a victim of this harsh rule. However, the World War improved the power of the United States and helped it become one of the world’s major superpowers. Both nations had their distinct reason in existence in the Arabian Gulf Region and their ultimate withdrawal from the region.
The role of Great Britain may have been weakened due to its withdrawal from the Gulf region and the Middle East, but it manages to change the look of the area. The British concern had been focused on offering security in the region, but the role was passed on to the United States (Nasur, 2016). Both the United States and Great Britain took on the responsibility to protect the Gulf and maintain stability.
The Role of the United States
The United States was continually looking for ways to raise the status of the nation in a highly competitive world. During the World War II, the United States Navy walked into the Gulf in 1944 to protect the oil resources of the West and maintain communication lines with the Far East as well as with Europe (Cooley, 2018). The Italian bombers were attacking the oil installations in Saudi Arabia that were owned by the United States and thus necessitated the army to protect their interests. The United States also had oil sources in Bahrain, and thus the former helped in trying to protect these resources from attack or external influence.
The United States frolicked an important role in trying to curb any resistance and ensuring that the nations in the Gulf region were in line with US expectations. The CIA overthrew the government of the Iranian prime minister in 1953 to give power to a government that would look at the wellbeing of the United States and the British (Risen, 2000). Britain worked for hand in hand with the United States to prevent Iran from nationalizing its oil industry and thus limiting the two powers from taking advantage of these resources.
The United States clearly outlined its role in the Arabian Gulf Region insisting on the need to maintain an unhindered flow of oil to the global market and maintain stable prices. Therefore, the United States was primarily driven by energy and stability either through security or trade conditions (Sokolsky, 2003). The Gulf Region was encountering continuous challenges in political and military platforms, and thus the United States was trying to outline its dominance by stipulating peace and ensuring a smooth running of the nations.
The United States managed to influence the Middle East despite the signing of the exclusive treaty that bound them to the United Kingdom. The Sultan of Muscat and Oman was able to continue transacting with the United States and thus signing a de facto exclusive agreement driven by the existing treating between the region and the United States. Therefore, the political influence of the United States was supported by the latter country’s development of treaties before the British started taking control of the region. The United States used a similar approach in the Gulf region by enacting treaties to outline and maintain its interests in the region.
The United States influence in the Arabian Gulf Region was to improve security, spread its ideological beliefs, expand and protect its interests. The United States was highly influential in the oil industry especially between 1920 and 1970 (Painter, 2012). The control of oil improved the manpower of the United States and helped the nation improve its military and economic might. Therefore, it was imperative to gain control of overseas oil reserves and thus stipulating its move to the Gulf region which had a lot of oil wealth. The United States was constantly in conflict with most oil producing areas such as the Middle East, and thus it drafted treaties to maintain good ties with the regions and developed doctrines that directly or indirectly related to the Gulf region and oil.
The United States used the Gulf Arabian region to get supplies for energy and thus the US had to protect this region and conversely protect its interests (Byman & Moller, 2016). Therefore, the United States wanted to ensure that there was a peaceful coexistence in the region and help maintain peace so that it could continue benefitting from the oil exploits and further gain easier access to the oil resources in the region. The United States found a new market to export good and import products and raw materials at a low price. Notably, the United States offered security to the region and aimed to maintain stability to ensure comprehensive attainment of its set objectives.
The United States used a similar approach as the British in some areas to stimulate its influence in the Gulf region. Notably, in 1945 the president of the US, Franklin Roosevelt held some diplomatic talks with the Saudi Arabian king to discuss the U.S.S. Quincy in the Suez Canal (Ottaway, 2009). The US tried to form strong ties with the leaders and convince them of their good intentions to gain better access into the region. The initial process was always similar as the nations aimed to have a peaceful way into the region and thus necessitating the people to welcome them rather than to resist.
The United States understood the essence of the waterways in the Gulf Region and thus its foreign policy with the region aimed to look after the crucial waterways of the Strait of Hormuz and thus protect the ships of the American. Like the British, the United States understood the importance of the waterways in a trade or transporting military supplies while it also offered a great link to other parts of the world. Therefore, the United States wanted influence in the Gulf Arab area to protect its interests.
The Role of Britain in the Persian Gulf
Britain had a strong presence in the Persian Gulf as it aimed to regulate and conduct its external affairs. The British used the region as the central position which offered key highways between the West and the East. The influence of British domination revolutionized over the years from economic influence to political control. The British made their way to the Gulf with a unique drive of commercial and trade interests. However, the interests of the nations altered as it attained more colonies and expanded further. The British solicited assurances from the rulers in the Gulf between during the period of 1913 to 1923 that the countries would offer oil concessions to the nations outlined by the Great Britain government (Allday, 2018). Britain wanted to control resources and information in the Gulf region.
The British influence in the Gulf was mainly maintained by the need to actualize the resources available and thus control how the countries used these results. British insisted that British companies would offer concessions for the trade of oil by the 1930s. By the 1950s, countries in the Gulf regions started to grow in wealth, notably Kuwait and thus the British influenced the rulers to invest the excess revenue from the supplies in Britain (Allday, 2018). Britain wanted to retain its dominance in the Arabian Gulf and influence activities, but Kuwait attained independence in 1961 necessitating a change in the attitudes within the region further stipulating the withdrawal of Britain from the region in 1971.
The British maintained stability within the region although they were undermining the nations by imposing their rule on them. The British had a unique position in the different Arabian nations. The initial aims of the British influence were to foster and protect British interests and preserve maritime peace (Onley, 2009). However, the obligations revolutionized after the discovery of oil. However, the ultimate decision to withdraw was driven to improve the economic condition within the United Kingdom and deal with the economic difficulties at home rather than using its resources in the Gulf.
The British explored the Persian Gulf in search of a market to export their manufactured goods and also in pursuit of cheap raw materials. The Gulf offered the United Kingdom a diverse root for the outlet of industrial goods from Britain and thus aiming to develop a commercial monopoly in the Middle East. On an economic perspective, the Middle East offered a suitable market for products from the United Kingdom such as tin, Copper, Woolen, and silk manufactures, and lead. The British simultaneously benefited from numerous imports from the region such as raw silk copper, gold, spices, and Kirman wool.
A lot of the Gulf regions such as Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait among others in the 1940s were a part of Britain’s Indian Empire. The British wanted to protect their ships and its subjects in the Arabian waters (Onley, 2005). The United Kingdom wanted to improve its reach and thus protect and expand its trade. Therefore, in pursuit of a global dominance the United Kingdom created friendly ties with the rulers in the Persian region aiming to acquire benefits from these relationships. The United Kingdom developed treaties with the nations to promote the British hegemony. Ultimately, some rulers signed the perpetual maritime truce in 1853 making the nations Maritime States. Bahrain and Qatar joined the truce in 1861 and 1916 respectively (Onley, 2005). The treaties were a means of ensuring peaceful coexistence between the United Kingdom and these regions as the rulers could not wage war by sea and alternatively the British would offer the protection of the nation. The move by the British stipulated the development of the Trucial System which defined the British as the mediator, protector, and guarantor of settlements, and arbiter.
The period necessitated treaties to ensure that the British tried to protect the interests of the locals. Therefore, the British convinced the rulers to form agreements with them and thus further improving the position of the United Kingdom in the region. Over the course of the United Kingdom’s reign, the leaders signed exclusive agreements binding them to definite political relations with the British Government and further giving up their control of external affairs to this government. The Trucial States signed this agreement in 1892 while Kuwait and Qatar signed the treaty in 1899 and 1916 respectively. Therefore, the nations would only conduct external affairs in line with the approval from the United Kingdom.
The British regarded these nations within the Arabian Gulf as part of the British Empire despite them being foreign territories (Onley, 2005). Therefore, the United Kingdom had political influence in the region and was highly essential in ruing the land until it granted Kuwait independence in 1961 and ultimately withdrew from the region by 1971. The early British interest in the region was primarily based on an economic perspective and thus concentrated in the Northern tier of Persia and Iraq, but slowly developed into diverse needs such as protecting shipments, influencing ideological beliefs, expanding, and other political needs and thus expanding to other Gulf regions. However, the cost of maintaining the British foreign empire became too hard to handle especially in the 1960s and thus forcing the United Kingdom to withdraw from the region.
References
Allday, L. (2018). The British in the Gulf: An Overview. Retrieved from Qatar National Library: https://www.qdl.qa/en/british-gulf-overview
Byman, D., & Moller, S. B. (2016). The United States and the Middle East: Interests, Risks, and Costs. Sustainable Security: Rethinking American National Security Strategy, 1-40.
Cooley, J. K. (2018, March 13). U.S. Presence in the Persian Gulf: A History. Retrieved from ABC News: https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81402&page=1
Nasur, N. I. (2016). The United States and the Security of the Arab Gulf States. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(11), 108-128.
Onley, J. (2009). Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820–1971: The Politics of Protection. Center for International and Regional Studies, 1-30.
Onley, J. (2005). Britain’s Informal Empire in the Gulf, 1820-–1971. Journal of Social Affairs, 22(87), 29-43.
Ottaway, D. (2009). The King and Us: US-Saudi Relations in the Wake of 9/11. Foreign Affairs, 88(3), 121-131.
Painter, D. S. (2012). Oil and American History. The Journal of American History, 99(1), 24-39.
Risen, J. (2000). The CIA in Iran. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-CIA-index.html
Sokolsky, R. D. (2003). The United States and the Persian Gulf: Reshaping Security Strategy for the Post-Containment Era. Institute for National Strategic Studies.
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Write a reflection articulating how Christians should respond to questions of injustice in the world regardless of culture, creed, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Please. Incorporate the “Letters to a Birmingham Jail.”
**Must be 200-250 words
Second Assignment:
Assess Christianity’s role in shaping the Emancipation experience, and explain how churches informed the political and economic opportunities available to newly freed slaves.
An important part of building evidence-based practice is developing, refining, and using quality diagnostic tests and measures in research and practice. Discuss the role of sensitivity and specificity in the accuracy of a screening test.
Please include 400 words in your initial post with two scholarly references.
Criteria Does Not Meet (0%) Approaches (60%) Meets 80% Exceeds (100%) Total Initial Post relevance to the topic of discussion, applicability, and insight. (20%)
0
The student does not provide coverage of discussion topic (s); the student does not address the requirements of the weekly discussion. Provide redundant information. The posting does not apply to the course concepts or no example was provided from the material explored during the weekly reading or from other relevant examples from the clinical practice. The student does not show applied 12 The student provides partial coverage of discussion topic (s), does not provide clarity on the key concepts; the student does not address all of the requirements of the weekly discussion. Provide redundant information. The posting does not apply to the course concepts or no example provided from the material explored during the weekly reading or from other relevant examples from the
16 The student provides complete coverage of discussion topic (s), provide clarity on the key concepts, demonstrated in the information presented; the student addresses all of the requirements of the weekly discussion question with adequate attention to details with some redundancy. The posting applies course concepts without examples learned from the material provided during the
20 The student provides in-depth coverage of discussion topic (s), outstanding clarity, and explanation of concepts demonstrated in the information presented; approaches the weekly discussion with depth and breadth, without redundancy, using clear and focused details. The posting directly addresses key issues, questions, or problems related to the topic of discussion. The posting applies course concepts with knowledge and understanding of the discussion topic. The student’s initial thread response does not reflect critical thinking.
Clinical practice. The student shows some applied knowledge and understanding of the discussion topic. The student’s initial thread response does not reflect critical thinking. The discussion topic is vaguely covered and does not adequately demonstrate an accurate understanding of concepts.
Weekly reading or other relevant examples from the clinical practice. The student is still showing applied knowledge and understanding of the topic. Also, the posting offers original and thoughtful insight, synthesis, or observation that demonstrates an understanding of the concepts and ideas pertaining to the discussion topic (no use of example). The student’s initial thread response reflects critical thinking and contains thought, insight, and analysis.
Examples learned from the material provided during the weekly reading or other relevant examples from the clinical practice; the student is showing applied knowledge and understanding of the topic. Also, the posting offers original and thoughtful insight, synthesis, or observation that demonstrates a strong understanding of the concepts and ideas pertaining to the discussion topic (use of examples). The student’s initial thread response is rich in critical thinking and full of thought, insight, and analysis;
the argument is clear and concise.
Quality of Written Communication Appropriateness of audience and words choice is specific, purposeful, dynamic, and varied. Grammar, spelling, punctuation. (20%)
0 The student uses a style and voice inappropriate or does not address the given audience, purpose, etc. Word choice is excessively redundant, clichéd, and unspecific. Inconsistent grammar, spelling, punctuation, and paragraphing (More than five grammatical errors). Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning.
12 The student uses a style and voice appropriate to the given audience and purpose. Word choice is often unspecific, generic, redundant, and clichéd. Repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader (More than two grammatical errors). Language, sentence structure, and/or word choice are inconsistent.
16 The student uses a style and voice that are appropriate to the given audience and purpose. Word choice is specific and purposeful and somewhat varied throughout. Minimal mechanical or typographical errors are present but are not overly distracting to the reader (Less than two grammatical errors). Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.
20 The student uses a style and voice that are not only appropriate to the given audience and purpose, but that also shows originality and creativity. Word choice is specific, purposeful, dynamic, and varied. Free of mechanical and typographical errors. A variety of sentence structures are used. The student is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
MSN-FNP Discussion Rubric
4
Inclusion of the student outcomes explored in the discussion as well as the role- specific competencies as applicable. (10%)
0 The student does not explain how the Student Learning Outcomes were explored or related to the weekly discussion topic.
6 The student does not explain how the Student Learning Outcomes were explored or related to the weekly discussion topic. The student only provides a list of the applicable Student Learning Outcome.
8 The student does not explain how the Student Learning Outcomes were explored or related to the weekly discussion topic.
10 The student provides an explanation of how the applicable Student Learning Outcomes were explored or related to the weekly discussion topic.
Rigor, currency, and relevance of the scholarly references. (20%)
0 The student does not provide any supporting scholarly references that are current or relevant to the weekly discussion topic.
12 The student provides supporting scholarly references that are not current but relevant to the weekly discussion topic. The student provides only one scholarly reference.
16 The student provides supporting scholarly references that are not current or but relevant to the weekly discussion topic. The student provides at least two scholarly references.
20 The student provides robust support from credible, current (less than five years old), and relevant scholarly references (at least two). The supporting evidence meets or exceeds the minimum number of required scholarly references.
MSN-FNP Discussion Rubric
5
Peer & Professor Responses. Number of responses, quality of response posts. (20%)
0 The student did not make an effort to participate in the learning discussion board. The student did not meet the answer post requirements, and the posts, if submitted, are reflecting a lack of engagement or providing a vague answer to the weekly topic. The student does not answer the professor’s feedback/question.
12 The student does not provide substantive interaction relevant to the weekly topic or provide vague responses. The answer provided by the student does not build on the discussion question and ideas of others, utilizing course content with appropriate citation/references. The student does not motivate and encourage the group. The student does not respond to two peers. The student does not answer the professor’s feedback/question.
16 The student provides substantive interaction relevant to the weekly topic. The answer provided by the student builds on the discussion question and ideas of others, utilizing course content with appropriate citation/references. The student provides frequent attempts to motivate and encourage the group. The student responds to at least two peers. The student does not answer the professor’s feedback/question.
20 The student provides substantive interaction relevant to the weekly topic. The answer provided by the student builds on the discussion question and ideas of others, utilizing course content with appropriate citation/references. The student provides frequent attempts to motivate and encourage the group. The student responds to at least two peers and answers the professor’s feedback/question.
MSN-FNP Discussion Rubric
6
Timeliness of the initial post and the answers to the peers. (10%)
0 The student was late for the initial post and the answer to peers, or absence of submissions.
6 The student posted the initial tread on time by 11:59 PM on Wednesday, or the student submits the initial thread late and submits the answers to peers on time.
8 The student posted the initial tread on time by 11:59 PM on Wednesday and one answer to a peer by Saturday 11:59 PM.
10 The student posted the initial thread and both answers to peers on time (Initial post by Wednesday 1159 PM and two replies to peers by Saturday 11:59 PM).
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Criteria Does Not Meet (0%) Approaches (60%) Meets 80% Exceeds (100%) Total Initial Post relevance to the topic of discussion, applicability, and insight. (20%)
0
The student does not provide coverage of discussion topic (s); the student does not address the requirements of the weekly discussion. Provide redundant information. The posting does not apply to the course concepts or no example was provided from the material explored during the weekly reading or from other relevant examples from the clinical practice. The student does not show applied
12 The student provides partial coverage of discussion topic (s), does not provide clarity on the key concepts, and does not address all of the requirements of the weekly discussion. Provide redundant information. The posting does not apply to the course concepts or no example was provided from the material explored during the weekly reading or from other relevant examples from the
16 The student provides complete coverage of the discussion topic (s), and provides clarity on the key concepts demonstrated in the information presented; the student addresses all of the requirements of the weekly discussion question with adequate attention to details with some redundancy. The posting applies course concepts without examples learned from the material provided during the
20 The student provides in-depth coverage of discussion topic (s), outstanding clarity, and explanation of concepts demonstrated in the information presented; approaches the weekly discussion with depth and breadth, without redundancy, using clear and focused details. The posting directly addresses key issues, questions, or problems related to the topic of discussion. The posting applies course concepts with
MSN-FNP Discussion Rubric
2
knowledge and understanding of the discussion topic. The student’s initial thread response does not reflect critical thinking.
clinical practice. The student shows some applied knowledge and understanding of the discussion topic. The student’s initial thread response does not reflect critical thinking. The discussion topic is vaguely covered and does not adequately demonstrate an accurate understanding of concepts.
weekly reading or other relevant examples from the clinical practice. The student is still showing applied knowledge and understanding of the topic. Also, the posting offers original and thoughtful insight, synthesis, or observation that demonstrates an understanding of the concepts and ideas pertaining to the discussion topic (no use of example). The student’s initial thread response reflects critical thinking and contains thought, insight, and analysis.
examples learned from the material provided during the weekly reading or other relevant examples from the clinical practice; the student is showing applied knowledge and understanding of the topic. Also, the posting offers original and thoughtful insight, synthesis, or observation that demonstrates a strong understanding of the concepts and ideas pertaining to the discussion topic (use of examples). The student’s initial thread response is rich in critical thinking and full of thought, insight, and analysis;
MSN-FNP Discussion Rubric
3
the argument is clear and concise.
Quality of Written Communication Appropriateness of audience and words choice is specific, purposeful, dynamic, and varied. Grammar, spelling, punctuation. (20%)
0 The student uses a style and voice inappropriate or does not address the given audience, purpose, etc. Word choice is excessively redundant, clichéd, and unspecific. Inconsistent grammar, spelling, punctuation, and paragraphing (More than five grammatical errors). Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning.
12 The student uses a style and voice that is somewhat appropriate to given audience and purpose. Word choice is often unspecific, generic, redundant, and clichéd. Repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader (More than two grammatical errors). Inconsistencies in language, sentence structure, and/or word choice are present.
16 The student uses a style and voice that are appropriate to the given audience and purpose. Word choice is specific and purposeful and somewhat varied throughout. Minimal mechanical or typographical errors are present but are not overly distracting to the reader (Less than two grammatical errors). Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.
20 The student uses a style and voice that are not only appropriate to the given audience and purpose, but that also shows originality and creativity. Word choice is specific, purposeful, dynamic, and varied. Free of mechanical and typographical errors. A variety of sentence structures are used. The student is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
MSN-FNP Discussion Rubric
4
Inclusion of the student outcomes explored in the discussion as well as the role- specific competencies as applicable. (10%)
0 The student does not explain how the Student Learning Outcomes were explored or related to the weekly discussion topic.
6 The student does not explain how the Student Learning Outcomes were explored or related to the weekly discussion topic. The student only provides a list of the applicable Student Learning Outcome.
8 The student does not explain how the Student Learning Outcomes were explored or related to the weekly discussion topic.
10 The student provides an explanation of how the applicable Student Learning Outcomes were explored or related to the weekly discussion topic.
Rigor, currency, and relevance of the scholarly references. (20%)
0 The student does not provide any supporting scholarly references that are current or relevant to the weekly discussion topic.
12 The student provides supporting scholarly references that are not current but relevant to the weekly discussion topic. The student provides only one scholarly reference.
16 The student provides supporting scholarly references that are not current or but relevant to the weekly discussion topic. The student provides at least two scholarly references.
20 The student provides robust support from credible, current (less than five years old), and relevant scholarly references (at least two). The supporting evidence meets or exceeds the minimum number of required scholarly references.
MSN-FNP Discussion Rubric
5
Peer & Professor Responses. Number of responses, quality of response posts. (20%)
0 The student did not make an effort to participate in the learning discussion board. The student did not meet the answer post requirements, and the posts, if submitted, are reflecting a lack of engagement or providing a vague answer to the weekly topic. The student does not answer the professor’s feedback/question.
12 The student does not provide substantive interaction relevant to the weekly topic or provide vague responses. The answer provided by the student does not build on the discussion question and ideas of others, utilizing course content with appropriate citation/references. The student does not motivate and encourage the group. The student does not respond to two peers. The student does not answer the professor’s feedback/question.
16 The student provides substantive interaction relevant to the weekly topic. The answer provided by the student builds on the discussion question and ideas of others, utilizing course content with appropriate citation/references. The student provides frequent attempts to motivate and encourage the group. The student responds to at least two peers. The student does not answer the professor’s feedback/question.
20 The student provides substantive interaction relevant to the weekly topic. The answer provided by the student builds on the discussion question and ideas of others, utilizing course content with appropriate citation/references. The student provides frequent attempts to motivate and encourage the group. The student responds to at least two peers and answers the professor’s feedback/question.
MSN-FNP Discussion Rubric
6
Timeliness of the initial post and the answers to the peers. (10%)
0 The student was late for the initial post and the answer to peers, or absence of submissions.
6 The student posted the initial tread on time by 11:59 PM on Wednesday, or the student submits the initial thread late and submits the answers to peers on time.
8 The student posted the initial tread on time by 11:59 PM on Wednesday and one answer to a peer by Saturday 11:59 PM.
10 The student posted the initial thread and both answers to peers on time (Initial post by Wednesday 1159 PM and two replies to peers by Saturday 11:59 PM).
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The purpose of the devotional is to give some food for thought as you go through your busy school, work and family schedule. It is a chance to reflect and rejuvenate your spirit. Discussion is meant to uplift and encourage you and allow you to interact with and encourage your classmates.
Upon successful completion of this discussion, you will be able to:
Integrate Christian perspectives regarding the psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner’s role in providing clients care.
Background Information
A few days later, when Jesus again entered Capernaum, the people heard that he had come home. They gathered such large numbers that there was no room left, not even outside the door, and he preached the word to them. Some men came, bringing to Him a paralyzed man, carried by four of them. Since they could not get him to Jesus because of the crowd, they opened the roof above Jesus by digging through it and then lowered the man lying on the mat.
When Jesus saw their faith, He said to the paralyzed man, “Son, your sins are forgiven.” Now some law teachers were sitting there, thinking, “Why does this fellow talk like that? He’s blaspheming! Who can forgive sins but God alone?” Immediately Jesus knew in His spirit that this was what they were thinking in their hearts, and He said to them, “Why are you thinking these things? Which is easier: to say to this paralyzed man, ‘your sins are forgiven, or to say, ‘Get up, take your mat and walk?’” (New International Version Bible, 1973/2011, Mark 2:1-9)
As psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners, we must complete holistic assessments when working with patients. We do a disservice to our patients if we address our initial impression of what is going on with the patient or the initial statements patients share regarding the issues they are trying to deal with. Unfortunately, we do not have the insight Jesus had when meeting our patients during our initial psychiatric evaluations, but it is important to seek as much information as the patient is willing to share with us, and we need to pray that God will give us the insight we need to be a benefit to the patients we are seeing.
The Bible does not tell us anything about how this man became paralyzed. Perhaps, he was abused as a child which resulted in his paralysis. Perhaps he was injured in a robbery or as he quickly left the scene of an adulterous affair. Jesus knew this man’s history. He knew the depth of healing this man required. Of all of the people Jesus healed, this incident of healing is the only example where Jesus said to the one being healed, “Your sins are forgiven.”
The law teachers did not believe Jesus had the right to tell this man that his sins were forgiven. Jesus intended to heal man. His response to the teachers of the law indicated that the words that he said to the man reflected the healing that the man needed. The man required spiritual healing and physical healing. Some of our patients will not be able to improve physically until their spirit is “healed” based on painful childhood experiences or experiences they have had as an adult. In this case, Jesus was effective in helping the paralyzed man to walk as he forgave his sin. Forgiving sin resulted in spiritual healing, enabling man to accept physical healing. As we get to know our patients, allowing them to share the pain that led to their current psychological state or substance use disorder, we will have an opportunity to address the root cause of their distress.
Instructions
Review the rubric to ensure you understand the criteria for earning your grade.
Navigate to the threaded discussion and respond to the following discussion question:
Please share your experience assessing patients with underlying issues leading to their psychiatric or substance use disorder diagnosis.
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The development of civilization in China started earliest as compared to other countries in world history (Pines, 2002). The development started about 5,000 years ago. Professor Li, a philosopher, discusses the history of China which dates back to almost a million years ago. Approximately 400,000-500,000 years back, the occupants of the Chinese land were human beings who were primitive (Berry, 2008). In Zhoukoudian, which is in the southwest of Beijing lived an upright Peking primitive man (Dreyer, 2007). He used fire and simple tools for his survival. Residents of the valley of Yellow River about 6,000 to 7,000 years ago also practiced farming and rearing of livestock (Wyborny, 2004). In China, the word ritual refers to ancestral worship ceremonies, parent’s burial and rules guiding the relationship between children and parents (Berry, 2008). The Chinese value and respect their customs and cultures and they view it as honoring an event that already exists. Rituals are performed by those who have belief in them and just someone doing it for the sake of pleasing the audience is just passing time (Ebrey, 2010). It is not encouraging though for a non-believer in rituals to discourage the believer. Strictly speaking, everyone has his own school of thought to perform what he views fit for his lifestyle (Pines, 2002). Socialization of morals lies in one’s daily experiences or the already existing customs a person is accustomed to. Use of common sense as proposed by psychologists to avoid doing things in a manner not expected is discouraged in Confucianism reasoning. Self or group motivation is a way of elevation that can be applied to improve morale and self-esteem (Berry, 2008). Slavery began in the twenty-first century in China. During this period, cattle keeping and agricultural practice significantly improved (Hung, 2001). They also had exquisite skills in blacksmith as smelting of iron increased. The culture of the Chinese flourished due to emergence and increase in the number of philosophers and critical thinkers famously known as Confucius. As a result, a multi- national feudal state that is unified was centrally established. It was the first empire of the Qin Dynasty, the Qin Shi Huang that arose in 221 B.C (Berry, 2008). The society of feudal continued and ended after the war of opium (Dreyer, 2007). China’s culture continued to develop as the economy grew. Technological development in science increased alongside the development of art and literature (Hung, 2001). During the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese civilization went a notch higher as they traded globally. Thereafter, Britain that had the interest in trading in opium in China began the opium war in the year 1840. The immense foreign powers by force occupied concessions after the war and China were divided into influence spheres. Therefore, a society that is semi-feudal arose and transformed China (Pines, 2002). The revolution of Xinhai led by Sun Yat-sen in 1911 put an end to the feudal monarchy. Later in 1978 the policy of Open Door was adopted by China thus the self-seclusion history of 5,000 years ended. Three traditions of philosophy have shaped the culture of Chinese. Such include Confucianism that deals with relationships between humans, Buddhism that favors philosophy than religion and Taoism that deals with how nature brings harmony to human (Berry, 2008). The three are teachings of philosophy but not religions as far as the Chinese are concerned (Hardy & Kinney, 2005).
Confucianism and its Foundation Rather than being a religion belief system, it is ethical and based on the relationships concept (Chou, 2012). According to philosopher Confucius, obligations and responsibility has a dual aspect in relationships in Confucianism (Ebrey, 2010). As a result, every relationship in all levels bears responsibilities and obligations that must be fulfilled (Pines, 2002). Under the right circumstances and with encouragement, Confucianism holds that individuals can control their emotions. It is also considered that for the mind to be thoughtful enough then it should be in its fresh and pure state (Hung, 2001). Li is embodied in the mind and is not influenced by the external factors that are independent. It is a fact that knowing what to do and doing the same right thing is are compatible. It is proper for a person to think correctly and do as his thoughts direct him but not vice versa. Punishment helps keep people in line by making them not repeat the wrongs ones done but does not create in them a sense of timidity in them (Hardy & Kinney, 2005). Though when an individual is guided by virtue and kept in line with rites will help to create a sense of both fear and reform one’s character. Alternatively, it is incorrect to assume that the government is virtuous since it is composed of people with diverse traits. The Confucians have a belief that by doing morally upright things then harmony prevails upon man. Anyway, in all levels of relationships, there is no given point that everyone will be lovely to each other (Chou, 2012). Three Principles There are three modes of representation of relationships in a society that is highly hierarchical (Ye, Fei & Wang, 2007). Such are the king is the master of the minister, father is the master of the son, husband is the master of the wife (Chou, 2012). Confucianism also entails the five virtues that are always constant and they include rightness, ritual, goodness, credibility and wisdom (Ebrey, 2010). Confucius maintains that the five constant virtues are critically important in every level of relationships and ensures that man lives in harmony (Ye, Fei and Wang, 2007). Taoism Lao-Tse is believed by many as the founder of Taoism, a present-day of Confucius. It is the power that governs both the living and non-living things provides equality in the universe. It indicates that for anything right to exist, then its opposite wrong side exists too (Ye, Fei & Wang, 2007). Though it commenced as a combination of both the philosophy and psychology, Taoism, in 440CE, evolved into a religious faith and the state adopted it as a religion. Taoism state support ended in 1911 with the end of Ching dynasty (Ban & Dubs, 1948). In the next period of warlordism, heritage of Taoism was destroyed and there was no more freedom of religion after the victory of Communist in 1949 (Chou, 2012). Temples were confiscated and treasures pillaged as manual labor was put to monks (Ban & Dubs, 1948). Buddhism
It originated from India after being established by Siddhartha Gautama and got its way into China during Empire Han Ming Ti ruling. Gautama was a Confucius contemporary. Though its impact was not immediately felt as its followers were still having a test of it, its fame came during the great time of barbaric and social indecision (Dreyer, 2007). It took place to popularize due to Chinese resistance and their emphasis toward relationships that revolve around society and family (Ye, Fei & Wang, 2007). Gautama realized and felt saddened by the fact that human was suffering and decided to look for alternative means of bringing comfort (Hung, 2001). He realized that the human can overcome pain by overcoming his own desires. He, therefore, came up with a set of rules known as the Eightfold Path that are similar to the biblical Ten Commandments (Ban & Dubs, 1948). The mindset was to bring peace that is spiritual where it is believed that harmony substitutes pain (Chou, 2012). China Buddhism incorporates practices of religion that the Chinese believed brings salvation to them. There has been a mix of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism since the incoming rule of Song Dynasty. The resultant mix is the philosophy and culture of Chinese (Wyborny, 2004).
The Chinese Language
Chinese language is composed of over 45,000 characters though quite a number of the elements in the character have been simplified by the government (Dreyer, 2007). As a matter of fact, memorizing them is easier than before. The language has a variety of tones that make the Chinese words have plenty of meanings. Its grammar is not as complex as those of other languages (Ye, Fei & Wang, 2007).
Chinese Literature
In the ancient, the Chinese novelists themes revolved around developments that are personal and relationships (Ebrey, 2010). Chinese writing currently concentrates on modernizing China through revolution (Berry, 2008).
Differences between the Western and Chinese Cultures
Whereas the Chinese culture has much emphasis on relationships in which the concerned parties have an obligation to help each other, western culture emphasizes on freedom, privacy, and personal rights (Pines, 2002). Chinese still value their customs and cultures to date. They believe that giving of gifts is something from the heart and should not be given in a way that shows that it is a bribe. Additionally, priority is always given to guests and they are served with the best (Chou, 2012). Despite the cultural Chinese beliefs, there has been a significant change in the customs and cultural beliefs as China strive to be a modern superpower nation.
The Han Dynasty
Founded by the rebel leader, Liu Bang, who was also an adventurer, the imperial Han Dynasty was the first in China that lasted for a longer time. It rebelled against Qin Dynasty that was the government so oppressive. Liu Bang and his lieutenants created a stable government after several years of political stability. The Han Dynasty is more of a golden age to Chinese in their history. It comprises two periods, the former Han Qianhan and the later Han Houhan. Geographically, Han Qianhan represents the western Han Xihan and the Han Houhan represents the Eastern Han Donghan (Hung, 2001). The court residence was in Changan during the Western Han rule and in the Luoyang during the Eastern Han government. The capital shifting from Western to Eastern is a pattern similar to those preceding governments (Hardy & Kinney, 2005). The only variation is that unlike the other dynasties that shifted as a result of military divergences, the Han Dynasty capital shifting was due to economic and political reasons (Hung, 2001). Equipped with apparatus of administration inherited from the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang formed a government run on the basis of the Confucianism doctrines which ensured that the people’s welfare were well-taken care of (Wyborny, 2004). Measures of strict control of the finances of the state were put into place. Qin’s policy of legalists was adopted and a system that is censorial applied for registration of all the members of households. Bang’s administration came up with strict measures to put the local government into check (Berry, 2008). In the Han Dynasty, there were regions that were under the extreme control of the central government called commanderies which were administered by military commanders (Ebrey, 2010). The commanders were responsible for revenue collection and ensuring that peace prevailed. Due to rebellion from seven other states, these commanderies lost their independence. In 200BC, the Han Dynasty was defeated by Xiongnu and was forced to join the government as an inferior member. Xiongnu’s continued attacks on the Han’s borders forced the leader then, emperor Wu to launch a counter military strike that finally led to the defeat of Xiangnu (Hardy & Kinney, 2005). The sovereignty of Han thus extended to the basin of Tarim of Central Asia after the conquering of Xiongnu, which was then divided into two distinct confederations (Ban & Dubs, 1948). As a result, there was the start of trade along the Silk Road that extended all the way to the Mediterranean (Dreyer, 2007). Chinese silk had demand in the Roman Empire market and, as a result, there was an increment in the level of their wealth. Precious ores such as silver and gold were also traded on (De, 1973). Schools were established under the Han administration so as to promote the ideals of the official scholars. Additionally, the university was further established where the classics of Confucian were studied and thereafter the young graduates became bureaucrats (De, 1973). As the number of graduates increased the state became autocratic. With time, a political and bureaucratic culture was formed. It helped balance the partnership among the scholars, political and economic elite (Pines, 2002).
The Economy and the Social Order
The Han leadership formed coalitions with other leaders thus they were able to get social support from other diverse regions (Ban & Dubs, 1948). The strategy ensured that the tax base widened hence there was more revenue collection. Promotion of business growth by the state pushed the merchants to form a business partnership with the ruling elites. Funds raised through trade in salt and silk was used in financing the military functions (Ban & Dubs, 1948). There was paper invention that improved the Chinese lifestyle. People started writing as painting with scroll commenced. Confucius teaching would be written as well as literature. The Han administration controlled the businesses of merchants as peasants got dignified treatment for being productive (Ban & Dubs, 1948).
Expansion of the Silk Road and the Empire
Significant economic achievement of the Han’s Dynasty was the opening and expansion of the Silk Road. Eventually, this opened up other routes that merchants could follow to reach out to the customers. As a result, the empire prospered economically and the intermingling led in exchange of cultures. The creation of an army that is powerful was essential to the expansion of the empire borders. The traders were, therefore, assured of security along the Silk Road. Since the military service was made compulsory, the army expanded to a million as compared to the rivals, the Roman Empire, that had about 30,000 soldiers. Settlement of traders and farmers brought lots of development along the Silk Road due to the government’s support (Ebrey, 2010). As most of the kids of the rich were tutored at home rather than being sent to school, the poor had their children taught in school (Ban & Dubs, 1948). The poor in the countryside lived a much more peaceful life than those in the city. Canals were built for better and efficient movement of goods and merchants who took advantage of the channels made wealth and invested. The interaction of the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire brought about religious mix (Wyborny, 2004). The largest Chinese work of historiography known as the Grand Historian Records was done during the Han Dynasty by Sima Qian (Ebrey, 2010). The historiography contains the Chinese history that dates back to 2,000 years ago. It is also during the Han’s reign that the whole modern China proper the Northern Vietnam among others was incorporated into China (Ebrey, 2010). Generally, the Han Dynasty rule brought about changes in social, political and economic arena due to trade and political stability (Ban & Dubs, 1948). Zheng He who was a Kunyang’s second son and was originally named Ma He. He was a born Muslim but embraced different religious cultures as he grew up. His great-grandfather served in the Empire of Mongol as an administrator and was also a governor of the Yunnan during the Yuan Dynasty reign. His father’s surname Ma and the title hajji suggested that they ones made the pilgrimage to Mecca (Wyborny, 2004). Zheng He was captured by the Ming’s general at Yunnan in 1381 as he walked along the road. Zheng was about ten years old when he was castrated and later sent to serve in the Prince of Yan household. The prince lived in the northern frontier which was in the proximity of the hostile Mongol as he governed Beiping. Since they lived in a hostile environment, Zheng became a soldier at a young age and on the other hand participated in Zhu Di’s military operations (Ban & Dubs, 1948). Zheng He commanded his first expedition on the second of March, 1390, when he accompanied Zhu to counter the Mongols. It turned out victorious as Naghachu, the Mongol’s leader, surrendered on realizing he had been deceived (Hardy & Kinney, 2005). He finally became the prince’s trusted advisor (Ebrey, 2010). With the passing of time, he earned the trust and confidence of Zhu. While staying at Beiping, Zheng was educated on Buddhism (Hung, 2001). When Zhu Di’s father died, the prince of Yan was the apparent option as the successor to the Emperor of Yongle but still the empire was taken over by his cousin as the Emperor of Jianwen. Later in1398, Zhu issues a policy that strips the princes of their powers (Ban & Dubs, 1948). Zhu rebelled against his nephew 1399 and defends Beiping’s city against the armies of imperial with the aid of Zheng He as his army commander. Eventually, Zhu Di died and since he had no son to succeed him as the Emperor of Hongxi, Zheng He was apparently appointed as the defender of Nanjing. Zheng He was again appointed in 1430 by the Emperor of Xuande to command the last expedition in the Indian Ocean since he was viewed as a trustworthy comrade. Zheng had been ordered more than ones to be an envoy to several regions beyond China and each time he had several men to accompany him in his fleet of ship (Dreyer, 2007). He was the acting voyage and commercial representative of the court of Ming. He carried with him gifts that were valuable to all the countries he visited which he used as persuasive to lure the rulers of the nations he did visit. His aim was to convince the rulers to develop close ties with China (Dreyer, 2007). During these visits, he could study the hosts’ customs and habits. His approach was through negotiations and consultations as he ventured into what could be of benefit to him (De, 1973). As a reward, he was given such valuables as precious stones, ivory among others for China. His expertise in the quick learning of the people’s cultures helped him seal deals. Zheng He had a warm reception in every region he visited. Emissaries and representatives of trade of the nation’s Zheng had visited were sent to China too (Hung, 2001). Sociable relations among the countries Zheng He voyages visited had strengthened ties with China and there was an exchange of both economic and cultural values. Visitors to China were treated with lots of hospitalities that always prompted them to keep ties with China (De, 1973). Zheng He’s most ambitious and exciting voyage was his fleet to Africa. It was the fourth adventurous journey and he visited such places as Malindi and Mogadishu among other regions. On his way back to China, he carried with him a giraffe which was a symbol of the region he had visited. Despite the smooth sailing, the fleet also had to deal with the dangerous situations as encounters with the pirates (Ebrey, 2010). His voyage was also faced hostilities from individual rulers who did not like adventurous and intruders into their periphery. During such encounters, he and his men had to come up with strategies to meet the scenarios or live immediately (De, 1973). Zheng had his seventh and last voyage at the age of 59. Though his health was not at its best, it was already an order from the Emperor of Xuande. On his way back after the voyage mission in Kenya after several stoppages, He died somehow when the fleet was in the waters of Indonesia (De, 1973). Zheng He traveled a lot globally to increase the Chinese ties with the outside world and improve the trade. It was also designed to enhance the reputation of China with the other trading compatriots. Due to Zheng’s loyalty and patriotism, quite a number of monuments were erected in his remembrance (De, 1973). The genius in Zheng He is portrayed in his ability to build a big fleet ship that could survive for over thirty years (Hardy & Kinney, 2005). His ability to have about 5,000 soldiers under him without any squabbles and to operate his ship as he toured the world is a capability that is yet to be matched to any other person’s ability (Wyborny, 2004).
In conclusion, Zheng was more a conqueror than he was an ambassador of peace. There is no dispute to this as the number of countries he visited and made business ties with is a record that speaks for itself (Berry, 2008).
References
. China in Venice: From the Han Dynasty to Marco Polo. Milano: Electa.
Ban, G., & Dubs, H. H. (1948). The history of the former Han dynasty. Oxford.
Berry, M. (2008). A history of pain: Trauma in modern Chinese literature and film. New York: Columbia University Press.
Chou, G. A.-L. (2012). Confucianism, colonialism, and the Cold War: Chinese cultural education at Hong Kong’s New Asia College, 1949-63. Leiden: Brill.
De, G. S. (1973). Masters of Chinese political thought: From the beginnings to the Han Dynasty. New York: Viking Press.
Dreyer, E. L. (2007). Zheng He: China and the oceans in the early Ming dynasty, 1405-1433. New York: Pearson Longman.
Ebrey, P. B. (2010). The Cambridge illustrated history of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hardy, G., & Kinney, A. B. (2005). The establishment of the Han empire and imperial China. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Hung, H. M. (2011). The road to the throne: How Liu Bang founded China’s Han Dynasty. New York: Algora Publishing.
Pines, Y. (2002). Foundations of Confucian thought: Intellectual life in the Chunqiu period, 722 – 453 B.C.E. Honolulu: U Zhongguo li shi bo wu guan., Università degli studi di Venezia., & Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. (1986)niversity of Hawai’i Press.
Wyborny, S. (2004). The Han dynasty. San Diego: Blackbirch Press/Thomson Gale.
Ye, L., Fei, Z., & Wang, T. (2007). China: Five thousand years of history and civilization. Kowloon, Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.
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Lydia Maria Child On The Role Of Women And Politics
Introduction
Lydia Maria Child is known for her advocacy for women’s rights as well as her work in anti-slavery movements. She was a famous writer and an abolitionist who, together with her husband, were activists channeling their course to ending slavery, that was at its peak during their time. During her writing career, she was able to write several books for children, several people were appreciating the books, and at some point, she was a literary sensation among the people familiar with her work. However, this changed when she published a book that several people would consider as anti-slavery. In the book, “An appeal in favor of that class of Americans called Africans,” Child was able to indicate that slavery was an evil thing.
Lydia Maria Child On The Role Of Women And Politics
During her writing career, Child was able to write popular literary items in the National Anti-slavery Standard in her column, “Letters from New York” (Goodman, 2000). In her writing, she combined personal reflection writing skills, as well as social musings and protests. In her writing, she was able to give a reflection of the modern state of New York, whose population was heterogeneous.
The stories that she was writing were instrumental in enabling her to explore some of the aspects in her life. After a while, she was able to change her focus to embrace an abolitionist cause, through which she was able to embrace activism once again. Through her writings, she was making responses to some of the mounting crisis taking place during the 1850s, focusing more on the violence in Kansas, as well as some of the antislavery campaigns that were popular at the time. Through her writing, she was able to instill Christ’s teaching superiority in the readers’ minds, which was one way that she could influence the human mind to gain support for her abolitionist cause.
Child’s views on women and slavery
Child was fighting a cause that would ensure the end of slavery in the region. Among some of her priorities at the time was to end slavery in the country, and she was for the use of force if it meant that emancipation was achievable through force. However, she was heavily reliant on printed work, through which she could easily reveal her anger with some of the social evils that were taking place in the country. In comparison to her letters, some of Child’s writings were dismissed as sheer propaganda, more specifically her writing on “The Kansas Immigrations.” This intention of writing this piece was to give an alert to the American people on some of the horrific things that were taking place in Kansas, which constituted a number of stories that were inclusive of some of the social concerns at the time, as well as advocacies for religious tolerance and women rights (Goodman, 2000). It is possible to determine that she was determine to awaken the women in society, which is an idea depicted on her writing. She had a way of handling the paradoxes that women faced in public during the nineteenth century, further challenging the domestication cult laid upon women who could not afford an alternative status.
Together with her husband, Child was pushing for the anti-slavery cause through influences from William Garrison. Child was an advocate for women’s rights, but her belief demanded that people be free from enslavement so that they could realize women’s rights in society. Her idea of enslavement was inclusive of white women, who together with the black slaves were sharing the same status (Sizer, 2000). Both slaves and white women were regarded as the white man’s property, which is determines the reason as to why her advocacy was focusing on ending slavery before ensuring women’s rights. She was for the idea that women in society could become more productive only if they could be able to work with men. With this belief, she was able to work together with other abolitionists to fight for equal treatment of women in her society.
Contrary to her letters, her first anti-slavery work was through the book, An appeal in favor of that class of Americans called Africans, which advocated for an immediate slavery emancipation without compensating the slaveholders. She was able to analyze the idea of slavery from different angles, including the political moral, legal and economic angles, which was a way of indicating the practicability of slavery and to indicate that the black population was equal to the Africans on an intellectual capacity. Apart from writing the anti-slavery books, she was involved in supporting and organizing anti-slavery societies, which were assisting her in efforts to finance some of the anti-slavery fairs (Goodman, 2000).
With the stated knowledge about her work, it is possible to indicate that she was in violation of the general expectations of how women were to behave during her time, through which quite a number of critics came up. Through her literary work, she was able to expand some of the known prescriptions of womanhood into literature that was offering advice to women to think beyond the set provisions. Through her work, she was able to offer advices to women on the best way that they could fulfill their domestic responsibilities, but she did not give advice in relation to motherhood. Her advice on mothers included ensuring that they encouraged their children, especially girls, to reading different books that were inclusive of historical accounts and biographies. Through this, the parents would ensure that their children grow up independently, therefore enabling them to support themselves instead on depending on the efforts of other people. Her subsequent publication supported the fact women were to be encouraged to pursue several fields that were largely dominated by the males. Through this advocacy, she could ensure that the women would become free from being regarded as the properties of their male counterparts (Sizer, 2000).
Through some of her works, she was able to encourage contemporary women to work in a political manner advocating for abolition. Child was considering the cultural limitations and their roles in society as similar to some of the limitations that the women in Biblical times were undergoing. In order to encourage some of the women to subscribe to her cause, she was able to convince them that there were different historical settings, where women’s influence ensured that society was able to benefit from the culture in an economic, as well as moral manner (Goodman, 2000). From this depiction, she was able to influence quite a number of women to collect signatures on petitions that discouraged slavery, which was one of the very first political actions that included the participation of women.
Through her letters, Child was able to outline several arguments, most of them in favor of voting for women to get into some of the political offices. She was able to argue in this manner, citing that women were also subject to the taxation system, and they were subject to prosecution by the laws that they did not take part in making (Sizer, 2000). Together with the belief that regarding women as property was wrong, Child was able to subscribe to the belief that the slavery problem in Africa could be solved gradually through colonialism. It is possible to confirm these arguments by comparing some of her writings, which were systematic in advocating for freedom. The systematization emanates from the fact that in her earlier writings, she was able to impart knowledge to the women in society, thereby preparing them for a fight to advocate for equality as well as ending slavery in the society. Even though her work was not universally recognized, it had an impact on the women of the then American society, influencing them to stand up and be considered equal to their male counterparts (Goodman, 2000).
References
Goodman, P. (2000). Of one blood: Abolitionism and the origins of racial equality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Sizer, L. C. (2000). The political work of Northern women writers and the Civil War, 1850 – 1872. Chapel Hill [u.a.: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
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International travel health issues ………………………………………… 4
Growth of Travel Medicine Institutions…………………………………… 6
Nature of travel advice ……………………………………………………… 6
Pre-travel Assessment ……………………………………………………… 7
Common Ailments…………………………………………………………… 10
Malaria ………………………………………………………………… 10
Travelers’ Diarrhoea………………………………………………… 11
Sexually transmitted Infections…………………………………… 11
Working Abroad……………………………………………………………… 12
Safety and Security ………………………………………………………… 12
Post-Travel Check-up ……………………………………………………… 13
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 13
List of references …………………………………………………………… 14
Abstract
The current statistics indicates that the number of people traveling to different parts of the world is increasing. These people come from different geographical backgrounds that may be potential for complex ailments. Travel medicine is one of the disciplines which is gaining its momentum to conduct several important pre and post-travel health assessments to ensure that those travelling are free of any infections. To prevent any chances of infecting others, there has been a call to ensure that the risk assessment is carried out. Apart from pre-travel health assessment, a post-travel assessment is also conducted to ensure that the travelers are well and have acclimatized to the new environments.
The information compiled has been obtained through primary methods such as surveys and case studies. Other secondary sources of information such as the journals, newsletters and health records were also consulted for the purpose of obtaining valid and accurate data. The results obtained indicate that there has been an increase in the number of new infectious ailments from different parts of the world. This has prompted several countries to ensure elaborate, qualified and experienced experts to deal with such issues before and after the departure. The following discussion will focus on the role of travel medicine in the prevention of any uncalled for infections.
Statistics
It is estimated that about 1 billion people make an annual travel to different parts of the world. This annual travels comes with a lot of advantages such as the growth of economies and the expansion of technologies and infrastructures among others. However, the health experts warn that this could be used as an avenue through which dangerous ailments could be passed. There is therefore a worldwide call for the need of travel medicine which aims at ensuring that those travelling are examined before travelling for the purpose of establishing their health history. The following statistics reinforce the need for such an undertaking
According to World Trade Highlights (2009), it is estimated that there are about twelve million departures in Australia alone. These are people coming from both the remote rural areas where there could be difficulties in accessing health facilities and vaccinations meaning that some of the travelers will need thorough scrutiny before departure.
International travel health issues
According to Steffen (2000), illness amongst the travelers currently ranges between 15% to around 55%. The discrepancy between the two percentages could be attributed to different countries’ development in the health sectors. In the developed countries, it is expected that the number of infections will be minimal due to availability and affordable comprehensive care services. Those countries also boast of having qualified and experienced medical practitioners who assist in combating deadly ailments.
On the other hand, it has been observed that the number of illnesses among those travelling from the developing countries especially in some parts of Africa is on the increase. A good example is those traveling from Sub-Saharan Africa and who are located in the tropical kind of climatic conditions. Those areas are prone to Malaria infections due to presence of mosquitoes and decreased health facilities and medicine. For that reason, it is important to administer treatment for those travelling out of such areas while at the same time offering information to those wishing to visit such locations.
It has also been observed that there is a tendency for frequent change in the status of a given ailment, the vaccine and the availability of the drugs (Steffen 2000). This is what has prompted the travel medical experts to call for up-to-date travel advice. This means that the nature of the ailment may change to the extent that one may confuse it for another ailment. One kind of disease may exhibit different signs and symptoms depending on the season, people and geographical locations. This therefore calls for the need to get the latest updates concerning ailments.
Finally, Steffen (2000) argues that travel has the greatest impact on the distribution of diseases worldwide. Though this could raise controversy, the bottom line is that there is tendency to increase infections through the travel. This is the main reason why the World Health Organizations brought to a halt the travelling of people in countries which were affected by the N1H1 infections. This was to prevent those unaffected from contracting the same ailments from the already affected. The travelers’ medical experts in different countries had great task of ensuring that they bring the pandemic to a controllable situation. The above statistics provided by the international health organizations therefore reinforces the need to promote the travel medicine initiatives for the purpose of ensuring that everyone is safe.
For the purpose of dealing with the issues of health in the travel sites, there has been a call to train experts who will undertake such responsibilities. Many countries in the world have responded by opening various institutions which are aimed at disseminating information which include and not limited to common ailments in different countries and the different climatic conditions. This is in line with the policies and the ethical code of conduct of the International Society of Travel Medicine (ISTM) which was apparently established in 1991. That body calls for the need to provide the clients with the information they need concerning their health status and also what they expect to find in their destination. On the other hand, the medical practitioners have been accorded the right to conduct medical examinations from the clients to extract information about their health status.
Nature of Travel Advice
It is the duty of the travel medicine practitioners and experts to provide adequate information to the travelling clients. The information must be up-to-date for it to apply to the current situation. It is important that the clients be explained to why such information is important to them as many may ignore. As we said above, the main reason why up-to-date information is important is because certain natures of ailments may change bringing a lot of confusion on the clients. In addition, certain types of vaccines previously administered may not work in the current situation to resistance by certain bacteria and viruses. This is because with time, such agents of diseases become immune.
The next kind of advice provided has to do with health issues. At this point, the client is let to know the kind of ailments that they will be expecting to find in their destination. Using the information collected about their health status and history, it is important that the travel medicine experts advice them accordingly. For instance, a person suffering from asthma needs to know the climatic conditions of the place of their destinations. This is for the purpose of enabling them to make wise and informed decisions concerning the kinds of clothes to carry with them. They will also be provided with the information concerning the availability of the drugs in their destinations, so that if they are not provided, they carry enough to last them for the time they will be out.
The kind of advice offered should also be individualized. This means that it should be between the person travelling and the medical expert. This is owing to the ethical issues and the right of the patients concerning the issue of confidentiality of their health status. The reason why this needs to be observed is because certain kinds of ailments may predispose the client to discrimination and victimization in the event that other people get to know their health status. For instance, people who suffer from HIV/AIDs fear to share their status with anyone due to high chances of social alienation. Some people have distorted information concerning many ailments and they use it to look down on those affected. It is therefore imperative to ensure that the information obtained from the travelers remains confidential unless in the situation where it may endanger the lives of other people.
Apart from the above, it is said that the pre-visit travel medicine consultation should take a period of time before the traveler can depart. This is because certain vaccination they are exposed to require more time to become effective. It is also important to note that certain illnesses such as HIV/AIDs may not be diagnosed if the disease is in the window period. However the information on sexuality will enable the medical practitioners to postpone the examination to a later date so that they can determine beyond doubt the status of the traveler. In addition, it is imperative to note that some people respond negatively to certain medical procedures. They might develop side effects which may deteriorate their health further. In such as case, the medical experts should consider alternative means of dealing with such complications.
Pre-travel Assessment
Apart from the heath issues we have focused on above, it is important for the travel medicine experts to determine the risk of destination. In doing so, they need to know whether the traveler has the information about the geographical nature, climatic conditions and prevalence of the common ailments in the countries of their destination. Certain diseases are associated with certain areas and countries and thus such information will be imperative. For instance, ‘Delhi-Belly’ and Malaria are associated with the Asian and African continents respectively. People travelling for the first time in such countries will be required to come up with better logistics on how they will manage to keep their health status safe.
Apart from that, the team needs to have trusted sources of information concerning the current health issues in different regions of the world. This will ensure that the information provided to the travelers in valid and free of any biasness. There several sources of validation which have been identified and they include Worldcare organizations, Center for Disease Control (CDC) among others.
The other pre-travel assessment factor has to do with the age of the traveler. A minor for instance will pose a lot of challenge since they can not cater for themselves. On the other hand, the elderly may have frequent health complications meaning that they need to be accompanied. For that reason, it is important for the airline to stick to their policies concerning the age-limit for those wishing to travel to avoid experiencing uncalled for challenges. On matters of health, the elderly and the minor might not express themselves as expected and this may hamper the proper medical procedure. Therefore, matters of age should be an important factor in the assessment.
Medical history should not be ignored at this point. This will provide the information concerning illnesses such as Malaria, Diphtheria, asthma, diabetes, pregnancy, cholera and many others. Such history is important to ease the medical procedures taken especially if the previous diagnosis was carried out in recognized health institutions. On the same issue, it is important that the
It is also imperative to know whether the person intending to travel can actually do so. Due to some health issues the person’s wish to travel may be hampered. Some countries have very tough health regulation and rules which those wishing to visit them must meet. It is until recent that many countries have lifted the ban which denied those with HIV/AIDs and other sexually transmitted infections from travelling. However, this has been observed as a violation of people’s rights and has therefore been scrapped. However, there are genuine cases where one may be denied such a chance until further date. This is for instance in a case of pregnant woman who is about to deliver. It is important to let such a person finish that process first and then travel later. This will save the agency certain challenges that may ensue in the event that such people are allowed to travel.
Common ailment
There are ailments that need not be ignored where taking both the pre and post-visit assessments. Certain complications are known to pose little threat to the general public because they have been contained. However, there are those which are still prevailing even in the midst of the developments in the medical researches. For that reason, it is important to consider the malaria, travelers’ diarrhea and sexually transmitted ailments.
Malaria Prophylaxis
It is said to be one of the most common forms of diseases associated with the tropical kind of climate (Graham, 2000). It is said to affect over three million people in the world annually and consequently resulting in the death of more than two million annually. This is therefore a dangerous disease that can not be ignored. Apart from that, it is said that Australia alone records more than 600,000 malaria patients per year not forgetting 600-800 cases that are reported annually (Cossar, 2000). The information provided in the research indicates that there has not been a successful form of medication which will eradicate malaria completely. The palliative measures will therefore help those countries where the incidence of malaria is high to cope.
Endemic malaria is said to occur in about 100 countries including those in Asia, Africa, south and Central America. However, the most prone areas in the world are those that are found in the south of Sahara where thousands of children and pregnant mothers die annually. There are several issues that have been pointed out as the main reasons why malaria is on the rise. For instance, the economic strains have hampered the African countries’ efforts of fighting it (Gallus 1999). Most of the developing countries can not afford the high cost of medication and vaccinations which are associated with the control of malaria. Apart from that, they lack better housing and mosquito nets which could prevent the prevalence of the disease.
It is therefore imperative to prepare the travelers wishing to visit these areas so that they can arm themselves with the required medications and equipments. They should also be warned against visiting certain areas which are so prone to such endemic.
Travelers’ diarrhea
It has also been said to be one of the most common ailments that troubles the travelers. Millions of travelers in the world experience such embarrassing moments because of contaminations with food and water. However, it is said that the disease is mild apart from the dysentery which is characterized by fever and bloody diarrhea. Travelers moving from Australia, Canada and the United States have higher tendencies of getting the disease if they travel to some parts of Asia and Africa(DuPont, 2006). This is because the former have low risks of such ailments as compared to the later countries.
The most important thing to do is to pass information concerning the health issues on how people will avoid getting infected. For instance, people should ensure that the water they is of the required quality and avoid eating contaminated food.
Sexually transmitted infections
The research indicates that in Thailand, over 70% of the sexual workers are HIV positive. Such information is crucial to the travelers because they will be required to protect themselves if they have to engage in sexual activities (Kozarsky 2000).The information which they should be given includes the use of condom every time they have sex with strangers and avoid drinking before such an activity. It is important to note that the disease has no cure yet and therefore it is important that the travelers take care of themselves.
Working Abroad
Apart from the information provided above, it is important that the travelers be prepared on the policies and the working conditions of various nations and especially the one they wish to visit. This is because some people will not survive in the harsh working conditions due to their state of health. The climatic conditions of certain countries may affect the life of some travelers especially those suffering from asthma. It is therefore important that the travelers learn about such information for the sake of maintaining their good health.
Safety and security
The world is experiencing deterioration in matters concerning the safety due to criminal activities which is on the rise (Tood, 2003). Certain countries are hostile to people who are considered out-groups. Such people may be discriminated on the basis of race or religious affiliations. Such prejudices may put one in a dangerous situation if they are to visit such countries. It is therefore important to avoid visiting such countries at all costs.
Post-travel check-up
It is not enough to just carry out the pre-visit assessment, but it is also important to administer post-travel check-up to ensure that the people travelling are still in their normal health stratus. It is known that some people develop some complications during the freight because of the sudden change of the environment. Such people need to be given a chance after arrival to acclimatize to the new environment while still under supervision.
Travel insurance
This is one of the new developments which were proposed in the early 80’s but have not been embraced until recently. People are encouraged to insure their health to ensure they are catered for any time they have complications. Travelling in areas prone to ailments for instance will put one at higher risk of contracting such diseases. They will therefore be assisted better if they insure their health.
Conclusion
The travel medicine focuses on the health of the people before and after they have reached their destinations. They conduct both pre and post-travel assessments for the purpose of establishing the health status of the travelers. Dissemination of the information is also one of the most important parts of the travel medicine agencies. Such information includes the prevalence of some ailments, the working conditions in various countries, the security measures and climatic conditions.
Not every one qualifies to travel due to given health issues and it is the work of the travel medicine bodies to ensure that such people are made to understand such a position. Therefore, such an agency should be looked at as an integral part of the travelling agencies as it serves to maintain the health status of the travelers. It should be embraced by all the countries to prevent nay chances of unwanted infections.
References
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Bannister et al (2004) “The role of standby emergency medication for falciparum
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“Screening Passenger fitness to fly and medical kits onboard commercial aircraft” in the Book of Readings for this module and Chapter 6 of the textbook
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holiday”, and Schuhwerk et al (2006) “HIV and travel” in the Book of Readings for
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Somer Kniestedt RA, Steffen R.(2003). Travel health insurance: indicator of serious
travel health risks. J Travel Med 10:185-189,
Steffen R (2004). Epidemiology: morbidity and mortality in travelers. in Keystone JS,
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(2003) Bioterrorism-a new challenge for public health in your Book of Readings
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Usherwood V, Usherwood TP (1989). Survey of general practitioners’ advice for
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The Role of Three Anarchists in Latin American Anarchist Movement in the U.S
The Mexico – US border area, and especially the urban centers of San Antonio, Laredo, Los Angeles and El Paso served as center stage for essential parts of the precursory work for the 1910 Mexican revolution. On the either sides of the boundary separating the two nations, issues of anticlericalism, liberalism, anarchism, class, nationalism, identity and race were solved with revolutionary fervor and executed through periodical publications, memoirs and autobiographical narratives by female authors who had become extremely involved in calling attention to issues of gender, in addition to the nationalist strife in Mexico for democracy. Within the issues articulated by the differing factions of the revolutionary movement in Mexico, a small but essential number of periodicals published in the Spanish language in the United States. These periodicals talked about and stressed on the growing concern for the emancipation of women and the patriarchal authority that the government had subverted by including women in the fight and struggle for justice. The women could accomplish this at times through the manipulation of genders for their own certain nationalist advantages (Lomas 50- 74).
Through unsigned editorials and articles, certain periodicals like the El Obrero meaning the worker, and the La Voz de la Mujer meaning the women’s voice proclaimed themselves as tools of politics of the predecessor revolutionary movement. Just the same, another periodical named the Pluma Roja, meaning the red pen, proclaimed and acted the same for the internationality anarchist movement. The writing of certain women like Jovita Idar who continually wrote and published articles in the periodical La Cronica, which her family owned, further increased the problems brought about by the articulation of gender by their removal of the borders in geopolitics, by focusing on cultural and political practices across the border and knowingly establishing a discourse that was transborder (Lomas 50- 74).
Despite the political imposition of the twentieth century of a physical national boundary, separating the United States from Mexico, each seeking to establish its national culture differently, the position of the Mexican women in the society in the borderlands was still determined by the ancient 19th century social norms of the Mexican culture. As the revolutionary movement continued to develop, it provided a field that was extremely fertile for the re- emergence of nationalist attitudes among the Mexican US population, and established the space to redevelop the responsibility and roles of women in the society (Lomas 50- 74).
The liberalism of this revolutionary movement strengthened the secular perspective that openly disagreed the narrative that had become master in that era; the Catholic Church narrative. Although only a few of the women in the borderline areas had the required cultural capital to express themselves and come up with these expressions in writing, the women who id had the capacity to come up with other ways of doing so. Up to today, no one has virtually recognized or acknowledged the work of these women as political and social activists and their written and intellectual contributions. This either is largely due to gender discrimination or due to political affiliation, as no one in Mexico has recognized his or her work and efforts. In the United States, these factors, in addition to linguistic and racial biases, have sentenced their work to oblivion. However, the stories of these women and their efforts to get the stories published represent the realities of individuals, the importance of whose daily lives transcends the challenges resulting from political, national, class and gender boundaries (Lomas 50- 74). This paper shows the importance, and the influence the lives of these women, and their work had on US, and the influences of the Anarchist movements of the Latin America on the United States.
Latino and Hispanic women in the United States have been involved and engaged in journalism for numerous years, utilizing their skills in multilingualism to reach and communicate across cultures and spread news and ideas throughout the nineteenth century up to the Common Era. The press in Hispanic countries provided information and knowledge essential to the Latin American and Hispanic communities and helped to preserve and foster the values of culture that we can still witness today. Just the same, these Hispanic presses provided columns of special interest commonly associated with magazines, bookstores, and publishing houses and promoted education to spread the ideologies of the external and internal writers. In the late 19th century, the women Hispanic writers became extremely influential in the press. One of the commonly known women writers from a Mexican background during those times was Casanova de Villaverde who was a Cuban activist and abolitionist and a political activist (Lazo 78- 123).
This woman wrote for the America Latina and could come up with articles about revolutionary and movements for freeing Cuba, though she was from a conservative family. A writer later married her and they moved to New York from where she and her husband continued to take part in the fight for Cuban freedom. In the early 20th century, several other women and especially those from the borderline between Mexico and Texas became instrumental in spreading the news about how concerned they were for the civil rights and freedoms of the Mexican citizens and the dislike they had for the then president in the Hispanic periodicals and newspapers. Idar was among these women when she begun to write for her father. It was her family that later organized and led the first Mexican Congress in Texas to safeguard the rights of Mexican- Americans (Lazo 78- 123).
It was also during this time that Idar and her family helped found the women organization called La Liga Femenil Mexican that focused mainly on reforms in the education sector. At almost the same time Leonar Villegas de Magnon, another educator and activist begun to write the local dailies and joined another women movement called Junta Revolutionaria. These two women participated in a small organization called La Cruz Blanca that specialized in helping soldiers who became wounded. It was from these experiences that Villegas gained news and ideas to write about the experiences people and nurses in Juarez had in the magazine The Rebel. Other women later joined different organizations and begun writing for different newspapers relaying their fears, concerns and ideas (Arrizón 90- 112).
The revolution discourse did not know any boundaries. Words, language, concepts and corridors crossed forth and back along the US- Mexican border as easily as the famous revolutionary Francisco Villa. The Partido Liberal Mexicano was an organization of anarchists that carried slogans with them from Mexico to the US across the US- Mexico border. As it follows, numerous female writers wrote for the newspaper of Pertido, which people called Regeneration, on both of the sides of the border, but mostly in the US in Los Angeles where the group finally settled in 1910. Women such as the Villarreal sisters, Sara Estela Ramirez, Blanca Moncaleano, Maria Talavera and Teresa Arteaga all contributed and participated in the agenda of the revolutionary as activists, revolutionists and journalists. The revolution then developed some kind of resurgence during which the women writers wrote essays, edited their own newspapers, magazines and journals. Most of these women who were after political exile in the southwestern part of the US wrote prolifically, championing the revolutionary as a women’s revolutionary and criticizing the then president Porfirio Diaz, who was also a dictator (Arrizón 90- 112).
In this essay, we are going to look at three particular women and the effects that their work and efforts in politics and society had on the US and the rest of the society. The here women to be looked at in this case are Blanca de Moncaleano, the Villarreal sisters, Andrea and Teresa and Luisa Capetillo. These women were extremely essential in influencing the other women through writing. The three women wrote for and contributed a number of essays to the famous feminist newspaper called Regeneration that reaffirmed the intent of the organization and its writers to politicize women. The essays that these women and their colleagues had are crucial because they show how a few women the Party and its ideologies influenced- and transformed- the ideologies of the women while writing their own stories. In their essays, the women undertook different approaches from the one the men writers used, and disputed implicitly, the ideology of the Party on women. Through their activist agendas of feminism, the female writers represented a doubling- an explicit agreement that was struck between the male leaders- when as feminists they begun an internationalist revolutionary movement, but by fighting for their own agenda, the women spoke and spoke feminism that was third space (Perez 54- 63a).
Blanca Moncaleano is the first writer we are going to look at in this paper. Whereas Teresa and Andrea Villarreal and Sara Estela Ramirez in the 1900s defied the catholic ideology that the Catholic Church had well established, and one of the newspapers they worked for called the La voz de Mujer called for democracy that was liberal through movements and revolution. In the years that followed another newspaper, the Pluma Roja proposed that the only solution to unequal rights, discrimination and oppression was anarchism. These women movement founded the Pluma Roja in Los Angeles during the second stage of the revolution. Blanca de Moncaleano was the editor and the director of the newspaper from the periods between 1915 and 1913. Although there are no signs that this newspaper was based on political ideologies or as a result of a female political movement, it was developed to create networks with the international anarchist movements across the borders (Perez 54- 63a).
There is not much known about this writer, but John hart says of her, ‘in early June 1912, Juan Francisco Moncaleano, a Colombian military (and his dynamic wife), arrived in Mexico after a brief stay in Havana (inspired by the news of the Madero led revolution)’ (Gutierrez 305). Scholars have argued that Blanca’s father was a professor in a Colombian university who also became the founder of the newspaper called Luz. The Moncaleano family based the paper in the Mexico City. According to Hart, this ‘… was a remarkable paper. Moncaleano used it to publicize the hopeless cause of Flores Magon and the Partido Liberal Mexicano, the anarchist program of which he enthusiastically endorsed and whose leader he deeply admired, (Gutierrez 305).
Unlike the nationalist ideologies represented by other news papers such as the La voz de la Mujer, the Pluma Roja had not interest and did not acknowledge or believe in national borders. For the newspaper, the need to reinstate the position of the female population in the society was at the middle of its fight for political, social and economic freedom, and was part of the ideal notions of anarchism. For the newspaper and his writers, the patriarchal authority that remained unquestioned, upheld by the state and religion, was the target of its criticism (Perez 54- 63a). The feminist stance this woman took was of great influence to other women and the US Latin movement. She supported both the revolution and the fight for women rights. Her righting often was about encouraging women to take a forefront in matters affecting their country and other women. Her stance with these two main events made her extremely essential in the war against dictatorship.
This remarkable woman meant for most of the essays that appeared in the newspaper for the women who the writers encouraged to break from the norm by acquiring more knowledge. The program of the anarchists, as defined by the newspaper, searched for a society that was egalitarian in which the female writers had fully powered the women. It proposed the freedom of women from three main oppressors who the women activists identified as religion, the state and capital. Blanca de Moncaleano was the director of the paper and she not only talked to the women but also to the men, as she encouraged them to convert their wives who were enslaved and obedient to partners who could think for themselves. For instance, the title Men, Educate Women looks like a call for the male population to educate their women, in truth Blanca wrote the article to address the issue of the significance of letting women educate themselves. The phrase, ‘men, allow women to educate themselves and to think on her own…’ (Lomas 62) can further confirm this claim.
The articles that were signed, and probably written by Blanca de Moncaleano, are probably the most passionately critical of the men who participated in the fight for liberation and who were at least conscious of their own enslavement and suppression of women. Of these men Blanca wrote, ‘consumed by their supposed superiority, conceited in their ignorance, men believe they can achieve the goal of human emancipation without the help of women’ (Iomas 62).she denounced the source of the power of men by confronting apathy from the male writers. She further expounded her militant, firm stance through the motto of the newspaper which went like,’ before me, the star of my ideal. Behind me, men. I do not look back…’ (Lomas 62).
All the papers that Blanca was involved with including the Pluma Roja, La Voz de la Mujer and El Obrero had an effect on their readers and audiences as they talked in detail about issues pertaining gender. It is highly possible that the audiences of this phenomenal female writer included PLM partisans and activists. According to certain scholars, the audience of the writer and her work included the general sympathizers from the Chicano- Mexican community and the intermittently active laborers, artisans and lower middle class individuals. Other audiences included the local leadership cores in most of the Chicano, chapter offices, district organizers, and local journalists who acted as the interpreters and transmitters of the policies of the movement. The well- educated, bi- national leadership, and the self- taught were also essential audiences of the writer (Norma 32- 46).
Generally, Blanca de Moncaleano was a Mexican journalist who firmly supported the rights of women and their revolution. Her articles showed a formidable stance that none of the other writes, especially the male writers, had ever shown. In most of her articles, she talked about freedoms and rights of women. In one of her many articles, Blanca criticized the subjugation women experienced at home by arguing that, women have rights equal to those given to men. She argued that God did not place women on earth for procreation, or to wash dishes and wash clothes. By naming and acknowledging the confinement of women in the family, the writer participated with a feminism that bespoke of the social conditions that dictators and male oppressors accepted as the norm for women. She, therefore, largely called for the liberation of women by urging them to break away from their prescribed duties and roles entirely (Perez 54- 63a).
The next critical writer in this paper is Luisa Capetillo. This Puerto Rican activist took a long stance in protesting and fighting against human right violations and abuses that the government and other entities executed against women and the proletarian class. Her fight for freedom and rights obtained emancipation for both the women and men workers and resulted to a system that would deliver emancipation to women from their oppression by men (Meruelo 4- 113). Her fight was no different than that of Blanca, and their efforts were extremely useful in influencing the direction of the revolution by writing articles that were insightful. Both of these women, and the Villarreal sisters, as we will see later, used their articles to mobilize individuals and to incite them against their tyrant leaders. They encouraged women and men to fight for their freedom and that of the women. Their fight saw the revolution through. Without their efforts, as we have seen, the battle would not have been won.
Her concerns were also directed towards the future of children in relation to the emancipation of women from men. The patriarchal cultural and tradition mores of the society in the Puerto Rican culture in the early 1900s stated that women should stay home and take care of their families. In addition to this, it was the norm that women remain submissive to the men, and especially their husbands, while their male counterparts acted as the financial supporters, household heads and remained sexually free. The society expected more of these cultural expectations of the women who were elite than normal women, since they were more involved with the powers than the traditions regulated. Women who were elite also had more time at their hands with the domestic helps, and did not have to cook wash, or take care of their children. On the other hand, the proletarian women usually stayed and worked in the elite homes, and, as a result, had little time in their hands, and this made them vulnerable to the wishes of men and sexual expectations (Meruelo 4- 113).
Capetillo viewed all this in a different way. She had a view that was progressive of the women and the abilities they possessed, intellectually, also as workers. Capetillo, through her writing, questioned traditional norms developed by the Catholic Church concerning women in the institution of marriage, even to the point of denying the significance of marriage. She encouraged for the sexual rights of women and for open relationships, and defied cultural norms and requirements, specifically if they denied women any of their rights and freedoms. For example, this writer often wore male pants, choosing what she called comfort over what she thought was a social norm that was oppressive and uncomfortable that the society forced women to follow (Meruelo 4- 113). It is clear from her articles that her father or her family never led her to feel inferior because she was a woman. She writes of her father and mother, ‘ Mi opinion acerca de las libertades, derechos y deberes de la mujer…’ (Capetillo 2). This shows were her motivation and support came from.
For one to understand fully how this writer came to establish such beliefs and ideas, it is essential to understand her background. Capetillo received an education that only the elite in the society received, but she also grew up as a proletarian. This situation placed her in a conflicting situation as to what society or class she belongs. Furthermore, she declined to identify with the elite society because her parents had strong ideas from the European revolutionary, though they received a progressive education. In her lifetime, she wrote for a number of anarchist newspapers in New York and Puerto Rico. The writer also wrote and published five books. Her work, plays and short essays reveal and show the obsession she had with improving the men in Puerto Rico and the dire economic situation of the Puerto Rican women. Her anarchist ideals that drove her actions and her fierce fight to educate the people of Puerto Rico about their rights and friends also get revealed in her work. Her first two books are about how the working class population should come together and demand for the government to provide for them better living conditions and to recognize and acknowledge their enslavement by the upper class and their blind following of the doctrines and ideologies of the Roman Catholic Church (Meruelo 4- 113).
The last of her two books focus and emphasize more on the sexual rights of the women and the roles they can play as leaders in their organizations. In all of her books, the writer used her writing to teach and guide women to become independent and positive, something that the writer seemed to be intensely engaged in her later time in her labor career. The significance of the writer to scholars and historians is that through her specific style she was able to attain certain goals in the fight for the emancipation of women and rights and freedoms for both women and men. She was so crucial because she served as a role model for the rights of women as she broke the chains of tradition, though not usually successfully (Meruelo 4- 113).
She was not the same as the other women activists especially in the way she cultivated her ideas. More importantly, what made this female writer so fascinating was the fact that she challenged traditions and social norms by mixing with men in politics, at a period when women did not dare appear in public without the company of a man. For example, when she described her experiences in one of her books, the ideal crusade where she usually met with other members of the labor union to discuss issues pertaining the labor movement. In addition to this, the female writer when she decided to go against the customs and the traditions of the society in a patriarchal society, her wearing of male pants when it was frowned upon in the society for women to dress as so and her progressive works of literature and activism (Meruelo 4- 113).
Capetillo embodies and represents both drives and forces in figurative and literal sense: her rejection of marriage, her wearing of inappropriate clothes, and support of free love certainly show the fierce drive the woman had. Her arguments for a society that was classless, exaltation or praise of the masses in the working class, the penalty position that did not support death and her pleas on both men and women on how to run their homes and educate their children would also rest in the ethical drive or force earlier mentioned (West- Duran 142- 154).
The last anarchistic women who had great influences in the US were the Villarreal sisters Teresa and Andrea. Andrea and Teresa Villarreal responded the same the messages of Guerrero and Flores Magon to women when they called for men to the revolt. In the headlines of the newspaper they wrote for, the Regeneration, the two sisters asked, ‘men what are you doing here…. Go, go to Mexico to conquer for us and for our children: LAND AND LIBERTY’ (Perez 7a). In addition, of themselves, the Villarreal sisters said that as women they had the right to demand for strength from the individuals who did not want to fight. To besiege men, the two sisters emphasized the strengths of women over their weaknesses, maybe as a way to intimidate and coerce the revolutionaries who were reluctant. The two women were based in Texas, San Antonio and the two women journalists published the El Obrero and the La Mujer Moderna, respectively edited and published by Teresa and Andrea (Perez 54- 63a).
The two women embraced the fundamental tent (international solidarity among women) of the party in the combat newspapers. The two sisters were originally from Coahuila but they had to move to Texas so as to avoid persecution by the oppressor Porfirio Diaz. Their disobedience and hatred for the dictator led to the mistaken kidnapping of Teresa and later arrest in Mexico. The Mexican officials released her immediately and announced that her arrest was mistaken because they had intended to capture Andrea, who was the more outspoken of the two. The rebellious speeches that Andrea gave fueled her reputation. She, however, sought to correct her reputation and notoriety by arguing that it was not fair for the authorities to call her the Mexican Joan of Arc. This was because it was not possible for her to go to Mexico on a horse at her soldier’s head and because she was not able to fire a gun, as her hands were too small to do so (Perez 54- 63a).
Teresa Villarreal just like her sister was a labor organizer, feminist, and revolutionary who gave her support and that of her sister to the PLM, or he Partido Liberal Mexicano and the Mexican revolution. The two sisters published and edited two newspapers the La Mujer Moderna and the El Obrero. In these newspapers, the two women published articles that talked about and addressed the proletariat and encouraged for the participation of all women and all men in the Mexican revolution fight for a government that was democratic and that which respected the rights and freedoms of its citizens. In addition to the educational, economic and cultural improvements for the populations, the emancipation and the freeing of women from the power and oppression of men, traditions and state was also included in her fight for justice and democracy. Most of their family supported their activities, as their brother and father were also strong supporters of the Partido Liberal Mexicano, which was against the ideologies and the dictatorship and power of the then dictator president Porfirio Diaz (Palomo Acosta and Winegarten 54-90).
As a result, of the repression of their activity by the regime of the oppressive president, they had to move to Texas. After this time, they moved to Missouri, St Louis exploiting the advantage the expo had imposed on the state and attracted numerous radicals from all over from many causes. In this area, they developed associations that were friendly with the organizations in the US with whom they shared similar interests. Some examples of such organizations included the Socialist Party, the Industrial Workers of the World, and the American Federation of Labor. By 1909, the two sisters had established an environment that was fertile enough for their ideas in San Antonio, to spread their ideologies and campaign against those of the dictator president Diaz through the Mexican press in exile (Palomo Acosta and Winegarten 54-90).
The Mexican press in exile served the people and the communities from the Mexican community in the south side of the United States. Since the leadership, which was mainly made of males, was constantly under watch, the two sisters and other female writers like them played major roles in the revolutionary movement. They performed tasks that helped further the revolutionary cause like carrying messages, intelligence reports and supplies. One scholar recalled how these women took on responsibilities that scared men because of the increased threats in the movement. He observed that Texas women were particularly active in the revolutionary and had to continue to carry out their duties and work in cases where men felt that they could not continue working (Perez 78- 98b).
These three women are just some examples of some remarkable women who performed great tasks in the revolutionary movement, and in turn influenced other women and the rest of the society greatly through their writings, essays, narratives and poems.
Works cited
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Capetillo, Luisa. A Nation of Women: An Early Feminist Speaks Out. Houston: Arte Público Press, 2004. Print.
Gutierrez, Ramon A. Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage, volume 1. Mexico: Arte Publico Press, 1993.
Lazo, R. Writing to Cuba: filibustering and Cuban exiles in the United States. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Print.
Lomas, Clara. Transborder Discourse. Print.
Meruelo, Maria Sabat. Radical Proletarian Social Reformer, 2007. Print.
Norma, Valle Ferrer. The Story of Luisa Capetillo: A Pioneer Puerto Rican Feminist. Volume 4 New York: Lang, 2004. Print.
Palomo Acosta, Teresa and Winegarten, Ruthe. Las Tejanas: 300 years of history. Volume10 of Jack and Doris Smothers series in Texas history, life, and culture. University of Texas Press, 2003. Print.
Perez, Emma. The Decolonial Imaginary: Writing Chicanas into History. Indiana University Press, 1999b. Print.
Perez, Emma. Chapter 3. The Poetics of an (Inter) Nationalist Revolution. Print
West- Duran, Alan. Luisa Capetillo in Translation: Notas Pare un Testimonio. Print
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