Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of collaborating with physician organizations when pursuing FPA legislation.
The discussion must address the topic.
Rationale must be provided
400 words in your initial post by Wednesday 23:59 pm
Minimum of two scholarly references in APA format within the last five years published
You must post two answers to your peers peers of 200 words by Wednesday 23:59 pm.
Minimum of two scholarly references in APA format within the last five years published
You must post two answers to your peers of 200 words by WED
Yanetsy filler
Full Practice Authority (FPA) legislation needs the support of physician organizations. So exactly what is FPA, you might ask? The term “full practice authority” describes the legal right of advanced practice registered nurses, such as nurse practitioners, to use their skills and knowledge in the field without resorting to a physician (Reese,2021). This legislation can improve things, but it may also encounter opposition from physicians’ institutions; therefore, it is essential to work together when pursuing it. As discussed below, there are benefits and drawbacks to bringing nursing and physician groups together to lobby for FPA legislation.
The major objective of both nurses and doctors, as stated by Mason et al.(2020), is to make patient care easier. Consequently, combining efforts across the two fields can improve patient care. Together, these two fields can better advocate for FPA legislation, which benefits everyone. Together with improving communication, this can also aid in building trust between the two fields. The aforementioned is fundamental to successful healthcare teamwork between these disciplines (Mason et al.,2020).
Another upside to working together is that it can help physicians’ groups overcome the FPA law. Research suggests that physician groups may reject FPA legislation if they see it attacking their ability to practice medicine. Yet, if these two fields work together to improve these issues, they may also dispel any myths that people may have about this law. In addition, it can help physicians’ firms better understand the needs of nursing groups. That can help the relevant stakeholders talk to people and negotiate better.
Last but not least on the advantage list, boosting public support for FPA is made easier through collaboration with physician groups. Since the general public looks to physician groups as reliable resources, these groups can help spread the word about the benefits of FPA for patients, especially in underserved areas where nurse practitioners can play a crucial role in meeting the demand for primary care services (Reese, 2021).
Despite this, there are drawbacks to collaboration that should be noticed. To win over physician organizations, nursing institutions may have to water down certain provisions of FPA law. It is “usual for stakeholders to negotiate and compromise in the policy process,” as Mason et al. (2020) stated. It means that nursing groups may have to compromise on certain provisions of FPA legislation to win over physician groups. Finding common ground might be worth it; in some situations, failure to it FPA legislation can result in a bill that is too weak to address the demands of advanced practice adequately registered nurses.
Another con is that collaboration could take long and postpone FPA legislation approval. As Mason et al. (2020) point out, policies take time to alter. More so, Since talks may drag on longer than planned, working with physician organizations can add another degree of complexity to the process. As an APRN, you know how irritating it may be to wait to use all your skills and knowledge in the field.
To sum up, physicians and nursing organizations must work together to advocate for FPA legislation. Improved patient outcomes may result from the above-described collaboration bringing new knowledge and resources to the table and helping to overcome resistance from medical organizations. Nonetheless, it is abundantly evident that the coalition may attempt to prevent FPA legislation through persuasion or by pushing for compromises that limit NPs’ authority. In light of physicians’ concerns regarding patient safety and healthcare system control, NPs and physician organizations would be advised to collaborate in drafting FPA legislation that benefits patients while addressing these issues.
HECTOR DIAS
Advantages and Disadvantages of Collaborating with Physician Organizations in Pursuing Full Practice Authority Legislation
Introduction
The scope of practice for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) has become a crucial topic in the healthcare industry. Pursuing Full Practice Authority (FPA) legislation aims to expand the scope of practice for APRNs. Collaboration with physician organizations is an essential factor in the success of pursuing FPA legislation. This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of collaborating with physician organizations when pursuing FPA legislation.
Advantages of Collaborating with Physician Organizations in Pursuing FPA Legislation
Improved Patient Safety
Collaborating with physician organizations ensures that patients receive high-quality care, and it helps to minimize the risk of medical errors. Collaboration between physicians and APRNs improves patient outcomes and patient safety. Physicians’ experience and expertise in the field can guide APRNs, especially in complex cases.
Enhanced Healthcare Team Collaboration
Collaborating with physician organizations leads to better communication, collaboration, and coordination among healthcare providers, which leads to better patient care. APRNs can provide valuable contributions to the healthcare team, and collaboration with physicians ensures they are fully integrated. This integration improves the team’s effectiveness, enhances healthcare outcomes, and increases patient satisfaction.
Support from Physician Organizations
Collaboration with physician organizations is essential when pursuing FPA legislation, as they significantly influence policymakers. The support of physician organizations can significantly influence the outcome of FPA legislation. When APRNs collaborate with physician organizations, it improves their chances of successfully pursuing FPA legislation.
Improved Public Perception
Collaboration with physician organizations helps to enhance the public’s perception of APRNs. Physician organizations have significant public trust and support, and working with them helps build public trust in APRNs. This trust increases the number of patients seeking care from APRNs, which ultimately increases their demand (Lugo, 2016).
Disadvantages of Collaborating with Physician Organizations in Pursuing FPA Legislation
Conflicts of Interest
Physician organizations may have conflicting interests when it comes to FPA legislation. Physicians may view the expansion of APRNs’ scope of practice as a threat to their professional autonomy and may be hesitant to support FPA legislation. Conflicts of interest may arise when physicians perceive that APRNs’ expanded scope of practice would limit their earning potential.
Resistance to Change
Some physician organizations may resist change and, as a result, may be unwilling to collaborate with APRNs on FPA legislation. This resistance may stem from a lack of understanding of APRNs’ value to the healthcare team. Physicians may feel threatened by the possibility of APRNs practicing independently, leading to resistance to change.
Different Perspectives
Physicians and APRNs have different perspectives on healthcare, which may result in conflicting views on FPA legislation. Physicians may view FPA legislation as a threat to their professional autonomy. In contrast, APRNs may view it as an opportunity to expand their practice scope and provide better patient care. These conflicting views may create tension and result in a lack of collaboration between APRNs and physicians.
Unequal Bargaining Power
Physician organizations have more bargaining power than APRNs, so APRNs may have to compromise on some issues when collaborating with physician organizations. The unequal bargaining power may lead to compromises that may not benefit APRNs (Van Der Biezen et al., 2017).
Conclusion
Collaboration with physician organizations is crucial when pursuing FPA legislation. The advantages of collaborating with physician organizations include improved patient safety, enhanced healthcare team collaboration, support from physician organizations, and improved public perception. However, the disadvantages of collaborating with physician organizations include conflicts of interest, resistance to change, different perspectives, and unequal bargaining power. APRNs must be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of collaborating with physician organizations when pursuing FPA legislation effectively. APRNs must also advocate for their profession and work to overcome the barriers that may arise during the collaboration process. By effectively collaborating with physician organizations, APRNs can help expand their scope of practice, improve patient care, and ultimately advance the healthcare industry.
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
Creation of Diverse Team of Employees with Different Strengths
Creation of a diverse team of an employee is a fundamental technique which is embraced by different organizations, companies, or institution. A diverse group of employees eases operational activities which might be required to be done by such personnel. It also allows the organization to make an explicit decision based on the motivations, which are evident from the team. Diversity also helps in building a steady workforce ad relationship between the employees and the management for goal realization. This paper focuses on examining the creation of a diverse team of employee with different strengths using different scenarios. It captures the major theories of leadership and motivation as the fundamental considerations which are pertinent in managing as well as motivating the behavior of an individual and group.
Leadership and Motivation
Leadership is a major character that every self-motivated staff must portray in an organization; through motivating others to become a good manager. The administration is associated with inspiration that one can display while working or leading other members of the team to the realization of a specific goal. It is usually inbuilt, but sometimes can be learned with the environment of operation (Glaister et al., 2016). Therefore, leadership and motivation are regarded as chemistry, which can hold a person to overcome every task regardless of their nature and forms. The association of leadership and motivation is helpful in management sectors, especially when dealing with either a team or an individual. Possession of skills is an attribution that is evident in every person, but continuous practice and displays of such skills make one a perfect leader.
The vision to achieve specific goals is the central aspect of leadership. Every company or organization depends on persons who can exhibit excellent leadership skill in carrying out their activities for the overall success of the intended goal. Notably, leadership and motivation arise from major theories which are useful in choosing an outstanding leader. For instance, the trait theory which arises from that a concept known as the “Great Man” approach reveals essential characteristics that are common among successful leaders. According to this first theory, a leader must be dominative, self-confident, dependable, highly active, and ambitious with specific decision-making ability. These characteristics keep the
Additionally, leadership and motivation rely on behavioral theory, which focuses on success performance and human relationship. The approach shows that a leader can exercise self-control as well as self-direction in achieving their target or goals. This theory also shows that democracy is prudent in deciding pertinent issues which are evident in every social setting. However, motivational theories help the management to motivation to their employee (Ruiz-Jiménez et al., 2016). For instance, Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, human needs are broken down into various categories for self-acclamation. For example, a good leader needs safety, psychological motivation, and self-actualization to realize his or her goals.
Role of the HRM Function
Every organization has a support function that does different operations and roles across its premises. However, the HRM function is more outstanding as it covers a more extensive area of jurisdiction. For instance, the HRM has the task of ensuring the policies and procedures of an organization are adequately implemented, and any form of grievance that may be evident from the employees are adversely taken care of within the most appropriate time. HRM function in an organization combine training, hiring, and mentoring of the employee as well as decide on the best paying grade and structures which are worth a given employee. This means that the limit in the HRM functions has a task cut that varies depending on the processes which are evident in every organization.
Similarly, HRM manages employee’s relations in every organization. Employees are regarded as the pillar of every organization, and their relationship with other agencies or bodies determines the work output. HRM function ensures that such links are up to date, especially between employers and employees for the realization of the organization’s goals. Similarly, training and development are some of the most indispensable roles of HRM. In the management of employees and labor relations, the adoption of these practices improves both the current and future employee’s performance through equipping them with the necessary ability and skills in particular subjects (Noe et al., 2017). HRM function also provides adequate orientation to new employees. A thorough orientation is necessary to all new employs to enable them to adjust to the requirements of the organization. The program helps them to adequately know their needs in the assigned duties, its description, and roles within the organization. It also gives employees adequate clarifications about their new position for active participation.
Decision-Making Process in Management
Every organization depends on the nature of the decisions which are made by the management with the working system. However, an inclusive process must be followed to ensure that the process is valid and concrete. In most companies, management uses a step-by-step decision-making process. For instance, the process starts from where the incidence occurred if it was of that form through all departments which are related to decision making before the management makes finality. However, in some management process, a meeting is held, and members of the working team come together, deliberate over the matter or concern, a vote is done, and finality is made depending on the total number of votes cast: democratic approach.
Aspects of the managerial planning process
The managerial planning process involves the identification of the goals of the organization and the creation of a realistic and detailed plan. The senior executives, executives, employers, and employees are part of this plan, and they ensure consistency and transgression to the goal-realization is being made (Andersen et al., 2018). The hierarchy plays a vital role in keeping constant contact between the management and the subordinate’s within various business and co-corporate-level strategies and well as in ensuring accurate observation of the assessment process. Similarly, the planning process involves the identification of resources to improve their financial projections and goals. Goal-related tasks should be embraced in the process to increase tasks achievements in areas where certain flops can be identified.
However, the digital control system is essential in establishing an active input into the organization. The system has signals with discrete time intervals and can convert various sources these signals into one unified unit. In management and operations within an organization, the digital system helps in handling other systems within a combined group for management consistency (Gotsis & Grimani, 2016). The systems ensure that all the information regarding the credibility of the workforce is adversely addressed.
In conclusion, leadership and motivation have massive impacts on both the organization and the management fraternity. The process involves the leadership skills dispensation by enables most employers to motivate their employees. However, this varies depending on the type of technology or information adopted during the decision-making process. Overall, managements require stead workforce and goal-related tasks to ensure success in their managerial planning processes,
References
Andersen, L. B., Bjørnholt, B., Bro, L. L., & Holm-Petersen, C. (2018). Leadership and motivation: A qualitative study of transformational leadership and public service motivation. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(4), 675-691.
Glaister, A. J., Karacay, G., Demirbag, M., & Tatoglu, E. (2018). HRM and performance—The role of talent management as a transmission mechanism in an emerging market context. Human Resource Management Journal, 28(1), 148-166.
Gotsis, G., & Grimani, K., (2016). Diversity as an aspect of effective leadership: Integrating and moving forward. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(2), 241-264.
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2017). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Ruiz-Jiménez, J. M., del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, M., & Ruiz-Arroyo, M. (2016). Knowledge combination capability and innovation: The effects of gender diversity on top management teams in technology-based firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 135(3), 503-515.
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
Anemia is a severe worldwide health condition affecting persons of all ages but mainly females of reproductive age. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the utmost prevalent roots of anemia witnessed in women, with menstruation being one of the primary reasons.
Extreme, prolonged, and uneven uterine bleeding, also recognized as menometrorrhagia, can bring about severe anemia. In this case report, the paper will present a case of a premenopausal woman leading to profound iron deficiency anemia with the utmost low hemoglobin.
Scrutiny of the worldwide anemia problem exposed that the occurrence of iron deficiency anemia, though lessening each year, stayed considerably high, impacting virtually one in every five women. Menstruation is mainly deemed liable for the exhaustion of body iron stores within premenopausal females. The percentage of menstruating females in the USA who hold minimal-to-lacking iron reserves is projected to vary from 20% to 65% (Chai et al., 2021).
Research has determined that a premenopausal female’s iron storage volumes could be nearly two to three times below those in a female ten years post-menopause. Extreme and extended uterine bleeding that transpires at irregular and recurrent intervals may be witnessed in virtually a quarter of females who are 40–50 years old (Chai et al., 2021). Typically, women with menometrorrhagia bleed over 80 mL, or 3 ounces, throughout a menstrual cycle and are consequently at greater risk of experiencing iron deficiency and anemia.
The selected problem for this Capstone Case Study is a patient suffering from the effects of anemia. Anemia is a disorder wherein one lacks sufficient vigorous red blood cells to convey sufficient oxygen to the body’s organs. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with anemia always feel exhausted and lack physical strength. There are numerous kinds of anemia, each with its source. Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent
amongst non‐pregnant females of the reproductive stage or menstruating women globally, even though the commonness is most significant in low‐income backgrounds. Iron insufficiency anemia has been linked with an array of adverse health results that the compensation of iron stores by iron supplements has been deemed possible to solve.
Worldwide, around 29 % of non-pregnant females aged 15–49 are anemic, translating to approximately 500 million females (Stevens et al., 2022). Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent in the United States, with 12 % and 4 % occurrence among women (Stevens et al., 2022).
These statistics are even more significant in African-American women and are often a consequence of heavy menstrual bleeding. The primary objective of the capstone case study is to determine the efficiency of the iron supplement on a patient with anemia.
PICOT
The PICOT question is : How can patients with anemia use an iron supplement to
improve anemia compare to patients with anemia using no iron supplement in 15 weeks? The target population is non-pregnant women with anemia aged 15–49 years old. The intervention is the use of an iron supplement. Iron supplements can help reverse an iron deficiency when dietary changes alone are unsuccessful. Childbearing women of reproductive age who are menstruating are more disposed to low iron levels and ought to get their iron levels tested often. Women who menstruate are excessively affected by anemia because they lose blood through their periods. Actually, 29% of childbearing females and 38% of pregnant women globally are impacted by anemia (Stevens et al., 2022). The intervention compares childbearing women with anemia using an iron supplement to non-pregnant women without an iron supplement. The outcome is to improve anemia by using iron supplements for 15 weeks.
The Vulnerable Population
Anemia is a public health issue in developing nations, particularly for women. Females of childbearing age are experiencing a distinct epoch of menstruation and serve a vital role in the economy, family, and society. Consequently, their health status warrants exceptional attention.
Anemia in childbearing females threatens the mother’s health and has a bad influence on the subsequent generation when they become pregnant, like the augmented threat of preterm delivery and low birth mass. Worldwide, the anemia prevalence in women aged 15–49 improved slightly from 31% to 30% between 2000 and 2019 (Dündar, 2019). Internationally, regionally, and in virtually all nations, advancement on anemia in childbearing women aged 15– 49 years is inadequate to suit the World Health Assembly (WHA) worldwide nutrition goal to halve anemia occurrence by 2030.
Since anemia is considerably linked with mortality and morbidity amongst women of the procreative stage, recognizing the risk aspects of anemia stays a vital matter of public health. Because of the substantial menstruation losses and more critical physiologic requirements for iron, females of procreative age experience iron insufficiency anemia (Dündar, 2019). At a worldwide level, dominance and risk aspects of anemia stay impending pointers to inquire about efficient interventions and evaluate the advancement made to decrease the anemia rate. The contraception method was a substantial risk factor for reducing the anemia rate.
Education was also discovered to be a noteworthy aspect of anemia condition. Furthermore, the education level is confusing with socioeconomic status at large but may also be mirrored in the comparatively poor knowledge of nutritional practices.
Literature Review
A study by Fernández-Gaxiola & De-Regil (2019) was completed to evaluate the impacts of intermittent oral iron supplementation and its related damage amongst menstruating females, compared without intervention or regular supplements (Fernández-Gaxiola & De-Regil, 2019). Periodic iron supplementation decreased anemia and enhanced iron stores amongst menstruating females in populations with diverse anemia backgrounds. In contrast with an everyday supplement, intermittently, the supply of iron supplements is possibly as efficient in averting or managing anemia.
A study by Idemili-Aronu et al. (2020) shows that using iron for at slightest 90 days of pregnancy is a cost-efficient method of reducing iron insufficiency anemia, the prevalent type of anemia amongst females childbearing age (Idemili-Aronu et al., 2020). The study shows that numerous socio-demographic aspects, like the type of residence, maternal age, wealth, and education, are connected with maternal anemia. The study showed that compliance with the proposed use of micronutrients effectively protects against anemia.
Moreover, the study outcomes show that the wealthier, urban inhabitants and more learned women adapted to using iron supplements to improve their anemia condition.
According to a study by Mwangi et al. (2017), the commonness of iron deficiency in pregnant women regularly surpasses 50% in low-income nations. On top of the effects of swelling in blocking iron consumption, iron deficiency transpires since the diets of poor persons are monotonous. The study’s meta-analyses discovered that pregnancy iron supplements profit maternal well-being. The study recommends a general iron supplement of 30–60 mg/day during gestation though coverage is low in most nations. (Mwangi et al., 2017). The welfares of universal iron supplements probably differ from the commonness of iron insufficiency. As a
result, the balance between risks and benefit is possibly more promising in low-income nations than in high-revenue nations, regardless of the greater exposure to contagious pathogens.
Low et al., (2017) established that iron deficiency anemia is widespread amongst non-pregnant females of the procreative stage (menstruating females) globally, even though the prevalence is uppermost in lower-income backgrounds. Even though several tests from the study reported the impacts of iron in non-expectant females, they were never amalgamated in a systematic evaluation. The current systematic evaluation established that everyday iron supplements reduce the commonness of anemia and iron insufficiency, increase iron and hemoglobin stores, advance workout performance, and decrease symptomatic exhaustion (Low et al., 2017). The welfares come at the cost of augmented gastrointestinal symptomatic consequences.
Oral contraceptive usage has been linked with reduced blood losses in menstruation; therefore, it may independently decrease the threat of iron insufficiency and anemia in women. Producers have lately begun to comprise additional iron in placebo drugs of certain contraceptives (Fischer et al., 2021). A study found that ICOC holds the perspective to be a cost-efficient resolution to manage iron deficiency anemia and family planning needs. However, more demanding trials assessing the efficacy of ICOC on refining indicators of iron insufficiency and anemia and exploring the security of its intake amongst iron-replete populaces are reasonable.
Iron insufficiency anemia is a significant worldwide public health matter, particularly in young females. Though strategies differ, an oral iron supplement may be an efficient approach to manage and avert IDA. Certain specialists endorse 150–200 mg of essential iron daily, with the dosages separated throughout the day. In brief, the study suggests altering from routine to
alternate-day timetables and from separated to solitary morning dosages, raising iron immersion and decreasing impacts (Stoffe, 2020). Therefore, offering morning dosages of 60– 120 mg iron provided with absorbable acid on different days might be an optimum oral dosage treatment for females with iron insufficiency.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Selected Literature
The strength of the selected literature is that it is evidence-based, making it more reliable. The literature is from previously completed studies that followed reliable procedures to produce reliable results. Another strength of the selected literature it is not biased on the topic of discussion. Moreover, the selected literature provides extensive view and knowledge on the subject matter. The weakness of the literature is that it is not comprehensive since they fail to cover various elements in their discussion. Another weakness of the selected literature is that it does not provide new information on the topic.
Proposal
The proposed intervention to the issue of Iron deficiency anemia or patient with anemia is iron supplements. The paper will present a case of a premenopausal woman leading to profound iron deficiency anemia with the highest low hemoglobin. The patient will be provided with iron supplements to improve iron sufficiency. Evidence shows that iron supplement improves hemoglobin and decreases the incidence of anemia and iron insufficiency. A daily iron supplement will be given since it lessens the commonness of anemia and iron insufficiency, increasing iron and hemoglobin stores. An iron supplement of 30–60 mg/day is recommended.
Various resources are necessary to complete the research successfully to determine the efficiency of iron supplements in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Some of the necessary
resources include iron supplements and nursing care services. The feasibility of a nurse in an advanced role is practical. Nurses will provide a nursing care plan for the patient with anemia. There is a need for an iron supplement supply for the plan to be effective. Those involved in the whole plan include patients with anemia, nurses who will help implement the plan, and other staff who will offer critical support. The plan will take place within a hospital setting for 3 to 6 months.
References
Chai, A. L., Huang, O. Y., Rakočević, R., & Chung, P. (2021). Critical iron deficiency
anemia with record low hemoglobin: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports,
15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-021-03024-9
Dündar, B. (2019). The Prevalence And Analysis Of Risk Factors For Postpartum Anemia In Women Without Prepartum Anemia. Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.14744/hnhj.2019.75436
Fernández-Gaxiola, A. C., & De-Regil, L. M. (2019). Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult menstruating women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd009218.pub3
Fischer, J. A. J., Sasai, C. S., & Karakochuk, C. D. (2021). Iron-Containing Oral Contraceptives and Their Effect on Hemoglobin and Biomarkers of Iron Status: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13(7), 2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072340
Idemili-Aronu, N., Igweonu, O., & Onyeneho, N. (2020). Uptake of iron supplements and anemia during pregnancy in Nigeria. Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa168
Low, M. S. Y., Speedy, J., Styles, C. E., De-Regil, L. M., & Pasricha, S.-R. (2017). Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status, and health in menstruating women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd009747.pub2
Mwangi, M. N., Prentice, A. M., & Verhoef, H. (2017). Safety and benefits of antenatal oral iron supplementation in low-income countries: a review. British Journal of Haematology, 177(6), 884–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14584
Stevens, G. A., Paciorek, C. J., Flores-Urrutia, M. C., Borghi, E., Namaste, S., Wirth, J. P., Suchdev, P. S., Ezzati, M., Rohner, F., Flaxman, S. R., & Rogers, L. M. (2022). National, regional, and global estimates of anemia by severity in women and children for 2000–19: a pooled analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health, 10(5), e627–e639. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00084-5
Stoffe, N. (2020). Oral iron supplementation in iron-deficient women: How much and how often? Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 75, 100865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2020.100865
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
Good job! By now, you are forming a picture of the challenge you will embrace in your humanitarian aid trip. In the module Resources, you reviewed Kleinman and Benson’s approach to conducting a mini ethnography with every patient in the paper “Culture, Behavior, and Health.” Based on that resource, you will outline the population’s culture (ethnography) affected by and surrounding your selected health challenge.
You still haven’t directly interacted with any patients at the center of your chosen scenario. However, this approach can help you anticipate the culture the population will reflect. Through investigation of the scholarly literature, you will be able to answer the questions: What should you know about this population’s culture before you begin the trip? What should you prepare to encounter? What cultural adaptations will you need to blend the norms and expectations of the population of your culture of origin and the culture of the population of the chosen scenario?
Prompt
Building on the prior project preparation assignments, conduct a “mini” ethnographic analysis of the specific population for your humanitarian aid trip. For this assignment, craft a short paper substantiated by scholarly literature.
Note that you should cite at least three scholarly sources from your investigation. The evidence should not be older than five years. To access the Shapiro Library Guide: Nursing—Graduate, go to the Start Here section of the course.
Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:
Ethnicity: Assess the ways in which ethnicity influences identity for the population. In other words, how does ethnicity factor into cultural conceptions of identity?
Stakes: Analyze the stakes of the health issue for the patients and their loved ones.
Meaning of Illness: Describe how patients conceptualize illness in this population.
Social Stressors: Identify the social stresses patients may experience due to illness.
Impacts: Evaluate the potential impacts of the clinical setting on your relationship with the patient.
Guidelines for Submission
Your short paper must be a 2- to 3-page Word document, not including the title page and references. It must be written in APA format. Use double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. All references must be cited in APA format.
Criteria
Exemplary (100%)
Proficient (90%)
Needs Improvement (70%)
Not Evident (0%)
Value
Ethnicity
Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear and insightful manner, using industry-specific language
Assesses the ways in which ethnicity influences identity for the population
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not attempt criterion
15
Stakes
Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear and insightful manner, using industry-specific language
Analyzes the stakes of the health issue for the patients and their loved ones
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not attempt criterion
15
Meaning of Illness
Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear and insightful manner, using industry-specific language
Describes how the patients conceptualize illness in the population
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not attempt criterion
15
Social Stressors
Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear and insightful manner, using industry-specific language
Identifies the social stresses the patient may experience due to illness
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not attempt criterion
15
Impacts
Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear and insightful manner, using industry-specific language
Evaluates the potential impacts of the clinical setting in relation to the patients
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors or omissions
Does not attempt criterion
15
Articulation of Response
Exceeds proficiency in an exceptionally clear and insightful manner
Clearly conveys meaning with correct grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, demonstrating an understanding of audience and purpose
Shows progress toward proficiency, but with errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, negatively impacting readability
Submission has critical errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling, preventing understanding of ideas
10
Scholarly Sources
Incorporates more than three scholarly, current (within the last five years) sources, or use of sources is exceptionally insightful
Incorporates three scholarly, current (within the last five years) sources that support claims
Incorporates fewer than three scholarly, current (within the last five years) sources, or not all sources support claims
Does not incorporate sources
10
APA Style
Formats in-text citations and reference list according to APA style with no errors
Formats in-text citations and reference list according to APA style with fewer than five errors
Formats in-text citations and reference list according to APA style with five or more errors
Does not format in-text citations and reference list according to APA style
5
Total:
100%
Module Four Project Preparation Rubric
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
Prioritize nursing care strategies for clients with cardiovascular disorders.
Scenario
Cardiac disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Since it is so prevalent, you want to ensure your co-workers are fully prepared to care for patients. You are hosting a lunch to provide a refresher on heart disease and how to care for patients. During lunch, you will present a PowerPoint Presentation to your co-workers.
Instructions
Choose one of the cardiac diseases we covered in the last two modules. Within your presentation include:
Provide a detailed overview of the disease process
Diagnosis
Treatment
Multidimensional care including risk reduction, health promotion, and nursing interventions specific to the disease process
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
A Life in Bits and Bytes: A Portrait of a College Student and Her Life with Digital Media
The article depicted a school understudy who, in the same way as other of her era, is inundated in computerized media. Katie Davis questioned Anna, the understudy, getting some information about the utilization of advanced media in her life, her objectives for utilizing different computerized media, and what opportunities and disadvantages she encountered from her everyday media utilization.
Anna’s most striking perception drew close to the end of the meetings. She told Davis that while she acknowledged being always joined with data and companions through her machine and her telephone, toward the end of the day she felt like she’d been “all around and no place.” Davis presumed that Anna’s representation “highlights the requirement for and benefit of supporting youth’s intelligent practices and giving them with spaces to managed reflection and genuine association.” Others concur, including David M. Exact in a matter of moments to think: Reflections on data engineering and scrutinizing grant (.pdf). In our current universe of all the more quicker better, he asks, “Where does one get the time to look and to think?” More particularly, by what means would you be able to, as a school educator, give your understudies time and space to think?
We may have the capacity to explain this problem by utilizing the same innovation that made the quandary in any case. For school educators, this can mean utilizing engineering to energize reflection. Instruments, for example, sites (.pdf), wikis (.pdf), computerized narrating (.pdf), podcasting (.pdf), and even microblogs (.pdf, for example, Twitter (.pdf), permit understudies to reflect as people and as a major aspect of a bigger learning group.
The online journal, an individual online diary that is imparted on the Web, has turned into an inexorably well known device for advertising understudy reflection. Web journals give a venue where understudies (and educators) can think about and expound on course ideas, post their musings and any related connections and media, and get input and discourse from one another. Most course administration frameworks have a web journal apparatus that teachers and understudies can utilize. Then again, various free blogging administrations are accessible, including Blogger (some piece of Google), Movable Type, and WordPress, among numerous others.
By what means can web journals be utilized to advertise reflection? A late study (.pdf) by Shih-Hsien Yang depicted the utilization of online journals among understudy instructors preparing to show English as a Foreign Language in Taiwan. Understudies in two classes were obliged to post their contemplations on an online journal after each one class meeting and in addition to deliberately react to their peers’ messages. The educators showing the classes remarked on their understudies’ postings and made inquiries to test their reasoning. The creators found that all understudies were intelligent in their remarks and some went past portrayal to show basic pondering their showing and learning encounters. They likewise found that all understudies considered the online journal a valuable device for reflecting and corresponding with one another.
Regardless of which innovation devices and techniques you use to push and help appearance in your class, it’s imperative to recall that reflection is best when it is attentively composed and coordinated into course exercises and assignments. Jan Harrington and Ron Oliver represented viable outline for appearance in their article designing for Reflection in Online Courses (.pdf). In one case, the creators consolidated an intelligent diary in a Graduate Certificate in Online learning course. Understudies in the course were solicited to assume the part from a school educator and overhaul a unit that they were as of now instructing eye to eye for online conveyance. They were additionally asked allude to the relevant writing and to keep a diary of their considerations about the contrasts between vis-à-vis and online conveyance, including the qualities and shortcomings of every conveyance mode. At long last, understudies were approached to submit an arrangement for an online unit, their altered diary, and a short article from a teacher’s point of view on the methodology of upgrading an eye to eye course for online conveyance. The intelligent diary turned into a vital piece of the understudies’ course overhaul errand not only an extra to the task.
Can school educators furnish understudies with time to think? Duty finished up his article by requiring those of us in advanced education to lead the way. Via painstakingly outlining for reflection and picking instruments and procedures that help intelligent practices in your classes, you can do simply that.
It been a while since we’ve posted any substance on utilizing Twitter as a part of the scholarly setting, so this accommodation from Leslie Anglesey is invited. These recommendations are regulated towards understudies yet educators might likewise gather a few thoughts from them. It would be ideal if you make sure to remark and impart your most loved approaches to utilize Twitter within the classroom, and make sure to look at the other related articles offered underneath
As a teacher, you realize that when understudies are given a written work task, a significant number of them may require a bit of assistance to accomplish it on time. Did you realize that its conceivable to turn to Twitter for some assistance? The online networking micro-blogging instrument can help understudies compose an incredible paper in various diverse way
Make inquiries.
Is it accurate to say that you are stuck and aren’t sure how to approach your theme? Get assistance from individuals who can help by associating with them on Twitter. Simply post your inquiry and see who reacts. Don’t be timid about asking your adherents to re-tweet your appeal. Most individuals are content to offer assistance. Check whether anybody has tweeted a connection to some material you can use for your paper. Use significant pursuit terms to begin the procedure.
Connect with masters and researchers in the field you are examining.
Is there somebody whose work you respect? Reach through Twitter to get bits of knowledge you can utilize when composing your paper. Take an interest in dialogs, there are examinations occurring consistently on Twitter. Conduct an inquiry to check whether somebody is discussing the subject or your paper and join into get bits of knowledge about your point.
Look at enterprise’s Twitter bolsters or sustains from nearby or national governments.
Numerous organizations have Twitter accounts, and different administrative regions have set up their sustenance. These sorts of authoritative substance sources can give an abundance of data and give yet an alternate potential wellspring of helpful data. Numerous libraries and documents now have Twitter accounts. Make a state of tailing them online and request the data you have to help with investigating and composing your article.
Discover news stories about your subject.
On the off chance that you need to figure out what the most recent news stories and peculiarities are around your theme, look at the media outlets. Conduct a quest for applicable pivotal words to see what comes up. You will see what individuals are discussing at this moment. Interface with your adherents to figure out what is occurring where they live. Having the capacity to get a viewpoint from somebody who can provide for you an immediate investigate an occasion or an issue will give your paper a profundity that you can’t get from different assets. Besides, you may even lead meetings.
Assess sources
In case you’re taking a gander at wellsprings of data for your paper yet aren’t certain about the nature of the data you have available to you, impart your assets to individual understudies and request criticism. You can get affirmation that you are generally correct or prompts better wellsprings of data. The Modern Language Association has uncovered a strategy for referring to tweets utilized as a part of scholastic papers. In the event that you run over something that is particularly Tweet-commendable that you might want to use in your work, you would impart it in the accompanying way.
Do remember that not everything that can be imparted in 140 characters ought to be incorporated in a school exploration paper. You will need to utilize your tact about which tweets make the evaluation in that office. Twitter is a device that can help understudies assemble data to research and casing a decent paper. At the point when utilized accurately, it can help you discover actualities and make setting up an exploration paper a speedier and simpler process.
The ‘digital natives’ are leading the way in terms of embracing Web 2.0, leaving the classroom setting in their wake.
Youngsters are using and captivating with innovation at disturbing rates. The Australian Bureau of Statistics expresses that “Youngsters in the 21st century are considered by numerous to be the computerized era: IT insightful kids who have never known existence without a machine or the web. They utilize it often and as a part of an assortment of courses; as a wellspring of data, diversion and social correspondence (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011).” The web is in our homes, its in our schools on our telephones. Cell phones have molded an ‘anyplace, at whatever time’ aspect of engineering that has not been seen before and youngsters are heading the route as far as utilizing it successfully.
Dissimilar to the more seasoned era there is no dread in the matter of taking a seat to utilize the machine, tablet, ipod, ipad, iphone or android telephone. Youngsters are standardizing, captivating, imparting, working together, critical thinking, and deciding, and therefore are getting to be basic masterminds. Web 2.0 web apparatuses bears youngsters today the stage to be in control of their own learning, they are quick to learn, engagement and enthusiasm plainly clear by the hours used on the web.
From an instructive angle innovation offers youngsters a multi modal stage where they find themselves able to be included in a mixture of correspondences. They can get to data, compose, distribute and be in control of their own learning. Hoodlum’s article The ‘computerized local’ in setting: pressures connected with importing Web 2.0 practices into the school setting draws on 53 center gathering meetings with understudies matured 13 and 15 in UK auxiliary schools. It concentrates on the path in which youngsters collaborate and captivate with engineering. While he expresses the youngsters were extensively positive as to their experience they did notwithstanding, distinguish distressing, disappointing, debilitating and even shrewd viewpoints included with its utilization inside a classroom setting. His discoveries concerning the working attributes of out-of-school correspondence and in school correspondence did notwithstanding, shed some light on the dissatisfactions of the utilization of Web 2.0 inside the classroom.
The setting for learning contrasts as per the structure that is put on the learning itself. Request, joint effort, distribution and reading proficiency are all occurrence unreservedly and cheerfully outside the school environment yet they get to be baffling and testing when they are put inside the earth. Out-of-school the group of onlookers is changed, the desires are their own, they are in control, imparting and publicizing to associates with no weight to structure their work in a certain way, and it’s dependent upon the single person. Though, the school setting is characterized by gathering objectives and foreordained benchmarks all prompting reporting and evaluation of the single person. Hoodlum clarifies “specifically, the youngster’s receptivity to multi-modality is not matched by a comparatively liberal plan inside the showing and behavior of school controls. Additionally, the desire of schools is more situated to creation (and its evaluation), while out-of-school energy about multi-modality is more a conclusion of investigation and utilization.’ (Crook 2011)
There is a clear divide between education and the use of digital technologies. Educational pedagogy still seems to favour the practices which were brought about in the industrial era where education was focused on teaching the masses. The need to step into the 21st century with the use of digital technology is a must. Attitudes within the classroom in relation to technology need to change. Computers need to surpass being thought of as a reward for good behaviour, or for completing work, moving towards inquiry based learning which focuses on exploration and consumption.
Innovations can be as nonpartisan as depicted previously. Case in point, Twitter can be utilized as a television medium, a conversational medium, or even a 1-1 help device. Youtube can supplant the VCR utilized within class. Alternately, it can unite individuals from diverse areas to examine points of basic investment. In this sense, advances are nonpartisan in that they can serve different needs and can be utilized as a part of distinctive ways.
Advances themselves are once in a while unbiased. By what method can that be, you ask, when the visual cue above expressed the inverse? Innovation is not made in a vacuum. At the point when engineering is made, it is fabricated with the engineers’ perspectives, qualities, convictions, and suppositions implanted into the innovation and uncovered through the exercises upheld and empowered when people utilize the innovation. For instance, long range informal communication destinations (SNS) structure connections in particular ways (e.g., devotees, companions) and see protection in distinctive ways. Advances hold specific perspectives of the world, and along these lines, they are not impartial. This is valid for advances that we repurpose for instructive means (e.g., Twitter, Youtube, Ning, Elgg, Facebook, Flickr, etc) and additionally for innovations made particularly for instructive purposes. Case in point, Learning Management Systems (LMS) embrace certain convictions about the instructive methodology and their default settings and proposals may shape how they are utilized. Whn presented in instructive settings, said advances have a tendency to present pressures and conundrums (e.g., The way the LMS or SNS organized teacher learner connections vs. the way employees imagined educator learner connections may be in clash, prompting low uptake, dismissal of the apparatus, and so forth).
Innovations can be put to distinctive uses, however not all uses are gainful or powerful. A sledge couldn’t care less whether you utilize it to “construct a house… or smash some individual’s skull,” yet it will make an unfortunate display on the off chance that you attempt to utilize it as a part of lieu of a screwdriver. The issue emerges when ambitious people, originators, teachers, and so forth treating the sledge as an apparatus that can help them address all needs. A late case of this is Audacity treating its item as an answer looking for an issue.
The ways that innovation is utilized on the ground are intricate and arranged. In get ready educators to utilize engineering as a part of instruction and fashioners to imagine ways that innovation can help/improve training, we have to open them to abilities and mentalities that permit them to utilize instruments within imaginative and moving ways. We likewise need to help them comprehend the suspicions and convictions that innovations embrace and stay discerning of the weights and pressures that these may present.
From network, participatory society develops. No more a spectatorship (preweb 2.0) Web 2.0 permits youngsters to make, distribute thoughts and musings discharging them to a worldwide gathering of people with a basic click of a catch. Facebook, sites, feature imparting, and Youtube are simply a couple of cases of conceivable stages. Innovation needs to be held onto as an apparatus, one which can be utilized to change training. . How about we do away with the one size fits all standard of showing and make the kid the focal center meaning to creating captivated and enabled long lasting learners
References
Carpenter, J. P., & Krutka, D. G. (2014). How and why educators use Twitter: a survey of the field. Journal of research on technology in education, 46(4), 414-434.
Crook, C. (2012). The ‘digital native ‘in context: tensions associated with importing Web 2.0 practices into the school setting. Oxford Review of Education, 38(1), 63-80.
Davis, K. (2011). A Life in Bits and Bytes: A Portrait of a College Student and Her Life With Digital Media. Teachers College Record, 113(9), 1960-1982.
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
Macroeconomics is concerned with objectives, issues, and policies that affect the whole economy for a specific country or state. All the economic analysis that concentrates on aggregates is considered as macro. The following are the main objectives of a macroeconomic policy:
Full employment
The petitioner exclude is the more seasoned, a greater amount of date, measure of unemployment utilized as a part of the UAE. Those excluded must be of work, physically fit to work and searching for it, and guaranteeing profit.
Macroeconomics is concerned with objectives, issues, and policies that affect the whole economy for a specific country or state.
For a more practical check, and for universal correlations, the ILO (International Labor Organization) measure is utilized. This incorporates the low-ranking unemployed who are not generally qualified to claim, wedded ladies who can’t assert if their spouse is gaining enough, and the individuals who claim disorder and invalidity profits. Many people just marginally hindered unemployed laborers are paid these profits instead of swell the petitioner tally of unemployment (Bekaert et al. 12).
Note the issue of dynamic and idle parts of the number of inhabitants in meeting expectations age (Bekaert et al. 14). Just the individuals who are dynamic are incorporated in the working populace (or work power), which is characterized as every one of the individuals who are utilized or enlisted unemployed. At the same time a percentage of the latent are in this classification by decision, for example, understudies and the individuals who resign early. Right now in the UAE, the level of work is the most astounding ever (almost 28 million specialists). However, one ought to note the huge contrast in the numbers utilized in assembling contrasted and the administrations (more or less 4 million against almost 18 million) (Caballero 12).
Price stability
Inflation is typically characterized as a supported increase in the general level of costs. Actually, it is measured as the yearly rate of progress of the Retail Price Index (RPI), frequently alluded to as the feature rate of inflation . At costs to be steady, along these lines, the inflation rate ought to be zero. By and large, governments are euphoric in the event that they can hold the expansion rate down to a low rate. For a clarification of how the RPI is detailed, see the subject called ‘Unemployment and expansion (Bekaert et al. 15). The UAE government likes to focus on the underlying rate of expansion, or the yearly rate change in the RPIX. This is the same as the RPI with the exception of lodging expenses are uprooted fit as a fiddle of home loan interest installments. It bodes well for the administration to utilize this measure in light of the fact that the weapon they use to control expansion, investment rates, straightforwardly influences the RPI itself.
Different less well known measures incorporate the RPIY, which takes RPIX a stage further by additionally taking out the impacts of aberrant levy (e.g. VAT), and the purchaser value file, which is frequently utilized when making universal examinations. The expansion rates focused around these measures for the entire of 1999 were: RPI, 1.5%; RPIX, 2.2% and RPIY, 1.6%. An alternate imperative fact is that of normal profit development (Di Tella 29). Most economists accept that the development in wages straightforwardly influences the value level. The 4.6% figure for 1999 is sensibly low generally (absolutely contrasted and the early 90s), however there are reasons for alarm that it will have grabbed amid 2000. At the time of keeping in touch with it was so ahead of schedule there was no option get figures for the entire of 2000. This is something that you ought to find yourself.
Stable economic growth
Financial development has a tendency to be measured in terms of the rate of progress of true GDP (Gross Domestic Product). At the point when the expression genuine goes with any detail, it implies that the impacts of swelling have been uprooted. GDP is a measure of the yearly yield (or wage, or use) of an economy. Here and there GNP (Gross National Product) is utilized, which is very much alike to GDP (Bekaert et al. 10). The main contrast is that salary earned from holdings held abroad is included and the wage earned by nonnatives who have possessions in the UAE is taken away (formally called net property pay from abroad). Development figures are distributed quarterly, both as far as the change quarter on quarter and as yearly rate changes.
UAE true GDP development was 1.8% in 1999, which is lower than the mid-90s, however much superior to the subsidence of the early 90s. Keep in mind that numerous economists were anticipating 1999 to be a year of retreat, so the last figure is truly very sensible. Note likewise that there is an enormous distinction between the development rates of the assembling division (-0.4%) and the administration segment (2.8%) (Di Tella 24). The administration segment has been solid for a long time, inasmuch as the assembling part, some would contend, has scarcely recuperated from the subsidence of the early 90s.
Balance of payments in equilibrium
This is a huge point in itself. Take a gander at the subject called ‘Balance of Payments’ for substantially more detail. Quickly, this records all streams of cash into, and out of, the UAE over a given time period (generally a year). It is part into two: the Current Account and the Capital and Financial Accounts (once the capital record, despite the fact that analysts do still acknowledge this name). Most likely the most critical is the current record on the grounds that this records how well the UAE is getting along regarding its fares of products and administrations with respect to its imports (Di Tella 25). On the off chance that the UAE is to ‘pay its route’ on the planet over the long haul, then it needs to continue acquiring enough remote coin from its fares to pay for its imports. In the event that this is not the situation, the current record will be in deficiency.
Japan has the biggest current record surplus on the planet. Despite the fact that a surplus sounds better than a setback, both might be terrible. Japan’s surplus powers different nations on the planet to have shortfalls. Truth be told, while Japan’s surplus is the greatest on the planet, the USA’s deficiency is the greatest on the planet. This is not an occurrence! The UAE has a tendency to be in setback, despite the fact that the current record was in surplus several years prior, mostly because of our quality in the administration division.
Question 2
The United Arab Emirates’ monetary flexibility score is 81.9, making its economy the 25th freest in the 2014 Index. Its score is 0.4 point higher than a year ago, with enhancements in the process of childbirth flexibility, business opportunity, and economic related opportunity exceeding decreases in the control of government using and opportunity from defilement. The UAE is positioned second out of 16 nations in the Middle East/North Africa area, and its general score is higher than the world and provincial midpoints. The UAE was initially evaluated in the 1996 Index and from that point forward has been a local pioneer in monetary opportunity. Upgrades in 50% of the 10 financial flexibilities incorporate headways in the administration of open using and business sector openness. Huge decreases in property rights and flexibility from defilement have kept a general addition, however the economy has attained its most astounding monetary opportunity score in 10 years in the 2014 Index. The UAE can improve in the tenet of law. Regard for the principle of law stays undermined by the legal framework’s absence of freedom and defenselessness to political impact.
The United Arab Emirates is an emirates of seven governments. The legislature reacted to requests for change amid the “Middle Easterner Spring” by launching a $1.6 billion project to enhance the framework in the poorer northern emirates. It additionally extended the amount of individuals permitted to vote in the September 2011 races for the Federal National Council. Abu Dhabi represents something like 90 percent of oil creation; Dubai is the inside of economic , business, transportation, and tourism (Di Tella 20). Facilitated commerce zones that allow 100 percent outside proprietorship with zero levy help to differentiate the economy. UAE nationals depend vigorously on open segment job and sponsored administrations. Oil and gas fares represent about 80 percent of government incomes.
The UAE has no salary duty and no government level corporate assessment. In a few emirates, distinctive corporate charges exist for certain business exercises. There are few different assessments, and the general taxation rate is low at 6.1 percent of the economy. Government using is 24 percent of terrible household yield (Di Tella 19). Open obligation is low at about 18 percent of GDP. Oil and gas incomes help fundamentally to open using.
Propelling a business takes six methods and eight days, and no base capital is needed. Permitting prerequisites have been streamlined and are less excessive, yet finishing in any case them assumes control over a month. Vocation regulations are moderately adaptable, and the non-pay expense of utilizing a laborer is moderate. Kept rebuilding of vigorously financed and obliged government-related elements is required.
The UAE’s normal levy rate is 3.7 percent. Non-levy hindrances are not a critical hindrance to exchange. Remote possession in numerous areas of the economy is topped at 49 percent. The present day monetary part is productive and aggressive. Banks offer a full scope of administrations. Islamic keeping economic is progressively noticeable. State-claimed banks have kept up a solid vicinity, yet outside banks have in excess of 100 limbs around the nation.
The country needs demand-side solutions, and since unemployment is a systemic issue, the results must be systemic. One mainstream systemic result is to create higher total financial action, yet the main executor that can decide to do that — the central government — is fundamentally hamstrung at this time. An alternate result would be to change laws (which by definition are framework wide impacts) such that head honchos are compelled to contract more specialists.
Question 3
The Balance of Payment (BOP) is the strategy nations utilization to screen all worldwide fiscal transactions at a particular time of time. More often than not, the BOP is figured each quarter and each schedule year. All exchanges directed by both the private and open divisions are represented in the BOP keeping in mind the end goal to figure out the amount cash is going good and done with a nation. In the event that a nation has gotten cash, this is known as a credit, and if a nation has paid or given cash, the transaction is considered a charge. Hypothetically, the BOP ought to be zero, implying that advantages (credits) and liabilities (charges) ought to adjust, yet in practice this is infrequently the case. Accordingly, the BOP can tell the onlooker if a nation has a deficiency or a surplus and from which a piece of the economy the inconsistencies are curtailing.
Free-Floating Systems
In a free-floating Systems exchange rate regime, governments and national banks don’t take part in the business sector for outside trade. The relationship in the middle of governments and national depends on the one hand and cash showcases on the other is much the same as the normal relationship between these foundations and securities exchanges. Governments may manage securities exchanges to avert extortion, however stock qualities themselves are left to buoy in the business sector. The UAE government, for instance, does not mediate in economic markets to impact stock costs.
Managed Float Systems
Governments and national banks regularly try to build or decline their trade rates by purchasing or offering their monetary forms. Trade rates are still allowed to buoy, however governments attempt to impact their qualities. Government or national bank investment in a floating exchange rate system is called a managed float.
Fixed Exchange Rates
In a fixed exchange rate system, the exchange rate standards between two monetary forms is situated by government arrangement. There are a few instruments through which settled trade rates may be kept up. Whatever the framework for keeping up these rates, nonetheless, all altered conversion scale frameworks impart some critical peculiarities
Question 4
Causes of economic Growth
Enhancements create monetary Growth in the amount and nature of the components of creation that a nation has accessible i.e. area, work, capital and undertaking. On the other hand monetary decay may happen if the amount and nature of any of the components of creation falls.
Enhancing the Quantity and Quality of Land Resources
Builds in the amount of area accessible for agribusiness will build monetary development. Nonetheless, the degree to which this happens is restricted to the degree to which shrub area might be changed over to rural area. All monetary assets are rare and have an open door cost. As hedge area is progressively utilized for agrarian purposes it is no more an environment for untamed life. The relative lack of area notwithstanding a developing populace implies that the theory of unavoidable losses may likewise get to be important. The law predicts that an expanding measure of work connected to a settled amount of area the peripheral gainfulness of the work will fall. This was the premise of the contention set forward by the Reverend Thomas Malthus. To keep this misfortune in gainfulness the nature of the area must be moved forward. This is possible through the application of better innovation through enhanced watering system, composts, and irritation control
Enhancing the Quantity and Quality of Human Resources
Builds in the supply of work can expand financial development. Builds in the populace can build the amount of youngsters entering the work energy. Expands in the populace can likewise prompt an expand in business request therefore fortifying generation. Nonetheless, if the populace develops at a quicker rate than the level of GDP the GDP for every capita will fall.
It is not basically the measure of work that will prompt monetary development. It is frequently the nature of that work (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 17). This will rely on upon the instructive procurement in nations. Enhancing the abilities of the work power is seen as being an essential key to financial development. Numerous states have endeavored huge endeavors to give widespread essential training. As more capital is utilized, work must be better prepared in the aptitudes to utilize them, for example, overhauling tractors and water pumps, running lodgings and introducing power. It ought to dependably be recalled that training using includes an open door cost as far as present utilization and along these lines it is frequently alluded to as speculation using on human capital.
Policy Response to Economic growth
As opposed to the Great Depression, quick and exhaustive fiscal power intercessions served to deflect a worldwide economic related breakdown. The expansive nature and size of intercessions as a rule growing the general population part monetary record, has been remarkable in present day times. The measure of intercessions in the economic related parts amid 2008–2009 was extensive, totaling on normal for cutting edge economies something like 50 percent of their buying influence equality (PPP) weighted GDPs (Sørensen, Peter Birch, and Hans 36). Yet regardless of capital infusions, exceptional liquidity offices, financial moving, procurement of insurances, anxiety testing, and the publication of economic related rebuilding plans, the status of budgetary area monetary record repair is still indeterminate.
Notwithstanding backing to the budgetary part, the worldwide economy is confronting a remarkable issue of coordination (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 13). Tending to the emergency obliges a wide, conclusive, and all inclusive composed arrangement activity as a financial boost that goes past national limits. In most cases,G20 nations have received notwithstanding backing of their fiscal segments financial jolt measures that arrived at 0.5 percent of their normal GDP in 2008, 2 percent in 2009 and 1.5 percent in 2010. A specific attention was set on optional using on base, provided for its higher multiplier impact.
Question 5
Monetary and fiscal policy Impacts
Credit in the UAE has been developing both in outright terms and as a rate of GDP. This is a positive improvement that will strengthen as the UAE economy keeps on differentiating, and as its fiscal markets and keeping money part create further. Credit, notwithstanding, is indicating cyclical conduct, frequently overshooting pattern development and at different times undershooting the pattern. By their temperament, credit cycles have a tendency to be determinedly associated with business cycles. Credit development is speedier amid the great years and slower amid the terrible (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 10).
The monetary framework overall has a tendency to see hazards as being low amid expansionary periods of financial action. Incomprehensibly, it is amid the expansionary period of the business cycle that the dangers develop. This applies to most economies on the planet, including the UAE, where the economy accomplished solid credit development in 2008 (+49% year-on-year as of September 2008) which turned out to be unsustainable (Di Tella 24).
In the event that surrendered totally over to businesses, credit cycles could be exceptionally unpredictable. Furthermore given their relationship with business cycles, a credit crunch can prompt a noteworthy log jam in financial action, and the other way around. Strategy has a dynamic part to play. There is a requirement for financial approach and regulation to be countercyclical to attempt to smooth the cycle and its effect on monetary action.
This note has been ready for Dubai’s Economic Council and is separated into three fundamental parts. The main area takes a gander at the credit cycle and its mechanics. The second segment takes a gander at the imperatives confronting the UAE fiscal arrangement system. At long last, the third area takes a gander at conceivable strategy measures that might be actualized.
Works Cited
Bekaert, Geert, Seonghoon Cho, and Antonio Moreno. “New Keynesian macroeconomics and the term structure.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 42.1 (2010): 33-62.
Caballero, Ricardo J. Macroeconomics after the crisis: Time to deal with the pretense-of-knowledge syndrome. No. w16429. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.
Di Tella, Rafael, Robert J. MacCulloch, and Andrew J. Oswald. “The macroeconomics of happiness.” Review of Economics and Statistics 85.4 (2003): 809-827.
Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny. Fire sales in finance and macroeconomics. No. w16642. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.
Sørensen, Peter Birch, and Hans Jørgen Whitta-Jacobsen. Introducing advanced macroeconomics: growth and business cycles. McGraw-Hill higher education, 2010.
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
Positive Impacts of CAN WA working with the Shire of Coolgardie
Introduction
Heterogeneous Australian communities are strengthened by the robust network of social links, human services and a range of local interest groups that respond to certain local needs. The question of what constitutes these kinds of communities and how they are governed and maintained is of key interest when it comes to outlining the impacts of the relationship between the not-for-profit organisations and the local government on the local communities (Boris, n.d.). Within the context of Coolgardie, a non-for-profit organization called the Community Arts Network WA (CAN WA) employs a community-based approach in drawing the youth and other members of the community into task-focused arts, workshops, dance, music, story-telling pieces, narratives and performance theatre (Palmer & Moorhouse, n.d.). These are in addition to several other arts-based and performance activities, such as producing broad community events and the intrinsic value of providing art and performance to indigenous and non-indigenous individuals living in Coolgardie. The local government has statutory responsibilities to ensure community development. With the assistance of CAN WA, the task is greatly achievable since the non-profit organization has greater sense of state of local communities and their needs. This essay shows that impressive outcomes of attaining social inclusion are achieved when the local government and the not-for-profit organisations work together in delivery of service
Positive Impacts of CAN WA working with the Shire of Coolgardie
Engaging communities towards cultural developments
CAN WA, takes a proactive role in the ongoing task of engaging the community, in collaboration with the Shire of Coolgardie, in cultural development. This daring step has been significant for the overall healing of the local cultures across entire Australia. Founded in 1985, CAN WA is a non-profit organisation that has since supported communities through facilitation of cultural development and community arts to promote community welfare (Palmer & Moorhouse, n.d.). The wide community engagement stimulates creative talents in arts, generates fascinating artworks and delivers substantial community services that promote community buoyancy, cohesion and networks (Whitaker & Drennan, 2007). CAN WA, generates huge benefits and synergies to the community working with the local government of Shire of Coolgardie. Although this is unusual, since the organization is focused in arts, it is a positive step towards promoting arts and culture and supporting certain community aspects, such as indigenous youth engagement (Figure 1) (CAN WA, 2008).
Improving social interactions
While working on behalf of the local government, it is reasoned that CAN WA activities are intended to bring together the geographically-isolated community members (Palmer & Moorhouse, n.d.). The organisation also seeks to encourage the interacting of indigenous and non-indigenous members of the community, as well as other people from different cultural background. Those living within the Shire come from different cultural background, such as New Zealanders, Croatians, Africans, Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, Indians, Samoans and Filipinos. Next, it presents opportunities of social, as well as personal development, through training, education and employment. Last, it seeks to help the local communities to take part in community life and local government activities. In its community development strategy, CAN WA has also used arts to help create social spaces to enable people to meet, watch and participate in art and performances and establish degrees of intimacy (CAN WA 2011).
Promotion of social cohesion and equity
Due to the increased service delivery pressures, given the rapidly growing populations, there is a need to establish resilient and cohesive communities (COSS, 2012l Mayberry et al. 2006). Despite the focus towards promoting arts and culture, an obviously impressive aspect of CAN WA’s is the manner in which it has applied art, performance and creativeness in engaging the indigenous communities, in addition to drawing the non-indigenous communities together. This specific role has been substantially useful in making it possible for the Shire of Coolgardie local government to promote varied dimensions of equity in providing community services, such as ethnicity and race (DHS, 2012). Within the context of Western Australia, the unrelenting and undesirable gap in access to healthcare and outcomes by ethnicity and race has raised many questions on social justice, fairness and equity, because of the history of discrimination in the country and the struggles of the society to free itself from the remnants of de fact and legal segregation (Rentschler et al., 2008).
Facilitating social change
CAN WA’s technique of employing arts to promote social and community change has functioned in a range of ways in building healthier communities (Ruane, 2007). In partnership with the Shire of Coolgardie, it has promoted social networks and linked individuals with their wider social environment. Examples include the capacity to act autonomously and work effectively in heterogeneous groups, through interactive and creative arts meant for public exhibition (Palmer & Moorhouse, n.d.). Taking another perspective, the CAN WA can also be viewed in organic terms. To this end, they serve as the forerunner of the local government in social affairs. Therefore, its activities stand out as one of the most basic means of forming social relationships that link communities and local government together (Joassart-Marcelli, 2009).
Promoting civic participations
CAN WA plays a critical role in offering avenues for civic participation and representation of local government interests in the heterogeneous society (Palmer & Moorhouse, n.d.). To this end, it aggregates diverse interests and values, which it represents to the local government, through lobbying of the local government or political advocacy (Smith, 2012). Civic participation can strengthen the community’s capacity, since the arts play an essential role in promoting the social wellbeing of the communities (Ruane, 2007). In fact, there is evidence suggesting that application of arts in economic stimulation, rural revitalisation and capacity building (Mchenry, 2011). In particular, local government and CAN WA’s role in civic participation has been focused on achieving community sustainability.
Achieving social capital
Fostering social capital implies creating social networks that are supported by reciprocity and trust, hence transforming into an essential component of policies that trigger social inclusions. Through participatory arts in various places in Coolgardie Shire — namely Coolgardie, Kambalda, Widgiemooltha and Kurrawang –, CAN WA has provided people living with these communities with an opportunity to express their cultures, through the performance arts and artwork. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that social capital is significant for the overall wellbeing and inclusion of communities and individuals (Ruane, 2007).
Taking on a civil-society approach, which examines the roles that non-profit organizations take in creating social capital and interaction to their underlying communities, it is perceivable that CAN WA has engaged in creating social networks and relationships to connect the individuals with each other. According to Will and Baker (2013), such relationships, promoted by the non-profit organisations, establish trust and corporation that is necessary for effective functioning of politic, society and economy.
Educating the youth and the community
CAN WA, has also played advocacy roles in educating the communities and encouraging them to advocate for community development, through active participation and possibly on the community initiative (Ruane, 2007). CAN WA believes that improving the education levels and skills development is a crucial policy approach to combating social exclusion, specifically with the hope of improving employability of the residents of Coolgardie, Kambalda, Widgiemooltha and Kurrawang (Palmer & Moorhouse, n.d.). Studies have indicated that individuals with higher education levels are likely to exhibit greater levels of social trust (Ruane, 2007).
Promoting public policy
CAN WA’s is a politically active organisation. Its influences are also evident in indirectly participating in politics and developing structures to promote policy agendas and involvements in non-partisan political campaigns. The organisation has engaged in building community engagement in community development and public policy, through the storytelling component of its performing art activities (Figure 1) (Palmer & Moorhouse, n.d.). Through storytelling, CAN WA has translated public policies from empty utterances into languages and performances that both indigenous and non-indigenous people in Coolgardie Shire can meaningfully understand. According to Palmer and Sonn (n.d.), the basis of using performance in promoting public policy to the people is due to the fact that performance allows moving beyond conversing about community to act. Additionally, it is relatively easier to articulate certain policies through acted performances than encode them in words for certain people to understand.
Figure 1: Map of art illustrating use of arts in social inclusion
When it comes to civic activities, CAN WA informs and influences the local domestic economic and social policy, such as nonpartisan demonstration of projects. In particular, CAN WA is involved in the change since it aims to gain more visibility for its projects and ideas and pursue the role of advocates when it comes to ideological agendas (Palmer & Moorhouse, n.d.). CAN WA, also attempts to influence public policy, through demonstration of efficacy of various approaches in the issues of population and economic development. To this end, they may perform experimental programs and assess outcomes, which they communicate to the local government. They also have direct influence on policy agendas.
Challenges CAN WA faces
The growing complexity of community needs, within Coolgardie Shire, is a major challenge towards achieving the CAN WA objectives. However, this has often been overlooked in program funding. Where CAN WA provides support for community project needs, stability and sustenance of financing. These inconsistencies have often affected CAN WA’s budgeting plan as more funds and longer funding cycles have often been necessary to face the complexities. Based on a CAN WA’s survey of its staff, the organisation found that its members of staff complained about the complexities associated with the new realities they met on the field, in response to new culture or cultural barriers.
The ability to come up with a degree of cultural literacy or to translate a work across many languages in Coolgardie Shire has been a major challenge, specifically in translating public policy agendas, through performing arts (Figure 1). To make sure that the message reaches the entire members of the heterogeneous society, including the Indigenous languages, there has always been the necessity to understand its references, in order to put it into context. To this end, CAN WA staff and artists have been faced with the challenge of going an extra mile to learn the languages, idioms and repertories of representation that motivate contemporary work. This is a challenge for CAN WA, specifically since those living within the Shire come from different cultural background, such as New Zealanders, Croatians, Africans, Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, Indians, Samoans and Filipinos.
Gender issues have also posed as a barrier in empowering the society in Coolgardie Shire as whole. For instance, the lacking support for women who practice art, specifically among the indigenous community in the area is an emerging issue at present. According to CAN WA, women face many obstacles in their efforts to participate in the arts sector, specifically in some Indigenous cultures where the women are the designated child-carers and homemakers. In the same vein, women who are the main care-givers to their elderly relatives face an added barrier in participating in the CAN WA arts programs.
According to CAN WA, working in contact zones, such as remote locations in Coolgardie Shire is difficult and may leave the workers exposed to risks. From a survey of its staff, CAN WA stated that its members of staff stressed on the disappointments and anxieties they experienced working in different contact zones. Additionally, the community conditions may at some instances overburden the members of staff involved in the community development project, hence triggering a sense of disempowerment or disappointment (Families Australia, 2007).
While CAN WA has always showed readiness to pursue public policy advocacy on behalf of the membership or government, it has often felt constrained as there are other contracted government public service providers. Hence, cases of tensions arising have in some instances been noted.
Conclusion
Impressive outcomes of attaining social inclusion are achieved when the local govern and the not-for-profit organisations work together in delivery of service. These include engaging communities towards cultural developments, improving social interactions, promotion of social cohesion and equity, facilitating social change, promoting civic participations and achieving social capital.
Therefore, the interaction between non-for-profit organizations and the local government of Coolgardie Shire is both dynamic and complex and involves shifts in political administration, economic and social policy. Its overall impacts have been conciliatory and positive rather than divisionart and antagonistic. This has however depended on mix of CAN WA activities and relationship with the local government. Of course examining the CAN WA activities in the aggregate calls for overgeneralisations. This makes its extensively divergent and diverse contribution, roles and interactions in the Coolgardie Shire the local government less clear or obvious.
References
Boris, E. (n.d.). Nonprprofit organisations in a Democracy – Roles and Responsibilities. retrieved: <http://www.urban.org/books/npag2/upload/npag2_introduction.pdf>
CAN WA. (2008). Drawing Out Community Empowerment through Arts And Cultural Practice. Perth: Community Arts Network WA Ltd
CAN WA. (2011). National Cultural Policy Discussion Paper Submission. Perth: Community Arts Network Western Australia Ltd
COSS. (2012). Forging New Links with the Community Services Sector to Build a Better Health Care System. Councils of Social Service
DHS. (2012). Community collaboration: The changing context of local government and community sector partnerships. Retrieved: <http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/832170/Community-collaboration-The-changing-context-of-local-government-and-community-sector-partnerships-1-July-2013.pdf>
Families Australia. (2007). Key Challenges facing the Not-for-profit Community Sector. Retrieved: <http://www.familiesaustralia.org.au/publications/pubs/challengesfacingnfpcommunitysector.pdf>
Joassart-Marcelli, P. (2009). The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Creating Active Communities. Retrieved: <http://activelivingresearch.org/role-nonprofit-organizations-creating-active-communities>
Mayberry, R., Nicewander, D. & Qin, H. (2006). Improving quality and reducing inequities: a challenge in achieving best care. Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent,19(2), 103–118.
Mchenry, J 2011, The Arts And Social Well-Being In Rural Communities: A Qualitative And Quantitative Assessment In The Mid West Region Of Western Australia. Retrieved: <http://www.dca.wa.gov.au/Documents/New%20Research%20Hub/Research%20Documents/Creative%20communities/Regional_Well_Being_THESIS_web.pdf>
Palmer, D. & Moorhouse, J. (n.d.). Outcomes of Two Community Arts Projects In Regional Western Australia. Perth: Community Arts Network WA Ltd
Rentschler, R., Le, H. & Osborne, A. (2008). Western Australia Intercultural Arts Research Project: An Investigation into issues faced by culturally and linguistically diverse artists in Western Australia. retrieved: <http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/resources/clearinghouse/WA_Intercultural_Arts.pdf>
Ruane, S. (2007). Paving Pathways for Youth Inclusion: The Contribution of Community Cultural Development. Perth: Community Arts Network WA
Smith, S. (2012). Nonprofit Organizations and Creating Public Value. Retrieved: <http://www.leadership.umn.edu/documents/Smith7.20.12.pdf>
Whitaker, G. & Drennan, J. (2007). Local Government and Nonprofit Organisations. retrieved: <http://www.sogpubs.unc.edu/cmg/cmg11.pdf>
Will, A. & Baker, K. (2013). The Role of Nonprofit Organizations and Public Programs in Promoting Home Rehabilitation and Repair Activity. retrieved: <http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/w13-3_will_baker_0.pdf>
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
Lessons Learnt From The USs Current Relationship With Iraq, 2003
Abstract
The relationship of the United States and Iraq offers a lesson on various diplomatic concepts and the underlying socio-economic and political ideologies. Various scholars have in the past shed light on the sociological aspects of the existing relationship after the decade long invasion and occupancy of Iraq by United States. Theoretical concepts of international relations will be explored to unveil the true picture of U.S – Iraq interaction aftermath. In the interest of researchers, academia and political science, it is imperative that this case is given critical assessment. This issue presents an avenue of intellectual discourse concerning the diverse disciplines that discuss international relations. In view of the social structure, economic policies and political strategies, this debate covers substantial research concepts that are important to ascertain validity and credibility of existing knowledge.
Lessons Learnt From The USs Current Relationship With Iraq, 2003
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Background
The United States’ stay in Iraq has been on the global spotlight for over decade. Many people ask what the consequences this has on their relations. Apart from Iraq, United States interest in the Middle East has raised eyebrows leading to in-depth research on various dimensions (Lake, 2009, 19)[1]. The Geopolitics of Middle East has been a significant contributor to its overall influence in the global economy. However, its socioeconomic policies and political system has been the subject of discussion. Iraq wields a lot of influence in the region, and the West saw its political ideologies as a threat. It is not a matter of retelling the chronology of the U.S invasion of Iraq, but the impacts this has on the global socio-economic and political position America occupy. According to Christol (2004, 47-9), diverse acts of atrocities under the guise of setting the new global order of democracy was met with mixed reactions by Middle East nations and Iraq in particular[2]. In this paper, it is important to note that the raging debate on the theoretical concepts surrounding diplomatic relations is the center stage for international peace agreements.
According to Tate (2010, 128-9), the traditional mentality that international relations were limited to specific disciplines is ruled out. This explains the need to break away from the confines of philosophy, sociology and economics as the only relevant disciplines exploring diplomatic ties[3]. International relations theories should equally not be misconstrued as solely for academia. This means it should be given much attention as it plays a critical role in mutual understanding in cross-boundary relationships especially in this wake of open economies. The current relationship between United States and Iraq offers a lot of lessons on feasibility of tested theories concerning international relations. It reflects the complex international interactions that are characterized by divergent socio-economic and political ideologies. Kenneth N. Waltz is one of the scholars who assert the fact that diplomatic history has been marred with elitist decision making[4].
Statement of the Problem
According Waltz, the consideration is on individual state, and to ideological, moral and economic issues, both traditional liberals and classical realists make the same mistake. They fail to develop a serious account of the international system—one that can be abstracted from the wider socio-political domain. Waltz acknowledges that such an abstraction distorts reality and omits many of the factors that were important for classical realism. It does not allow for the analysis of the development of specific foreign policies. However, it also has utility. Notably, it assists in understanding the primary determinants of international politics. He reformulated realism in international relations in a new and distinctive way. In his book Theory of International Politics, first published in 1979, he responded to the liberal challenge and attempted to cure the defects of the classical realism of Hans Morgenthau with his more scientific approach, which became known as structural realism or neorealism[5]. Waltz insists on empirical testability of knowledge and on falsifications as a methodological ideal, which, as he admits, can have only a limited application in international relations[6]. The case of US attack on Saddam Hussein and subsequent changes in approaches of managing Iraq indicates two sides of international relations theories. These include realism and idealism key in defining the relations among states and U.S – Iraq in particular. A realist theory can be seen as a tradition of speculation about the society or states. However, in international relations the realist theory is based on emphasizing the constraints imposed on politics by the nature of human beings (Ikenberry, et al. 2009, 93)[7]. The realist school belief that national self- interest mandate nations to constantly acquire power for the purpose of security and existence. It is usually contrasted with idealism or liberalism, which tends to emphasize cooperation. The negative side of the realists’ emphasis on power and self-interest is often their skepticism regarding the relevance of ethical norms to relations among states.
Hans Morgenthau is of the opinion that power is the undisputable feature which determines states policy on both foreign and domestic policies[8]. The realist theory is also known as the power or traditional theory which is centered on power politics. It is concerned with an explanation of what happened, how it happened which is used to predict the trend of what to happen in the future. The lessons observable from the case of the U.S – Iraq relationship triggers further research into the theories that must be discussed to boost the increasing need for International Corporation.
According to Brennan (2013, 139-40), United States wield political and economic power and therefore play a central role in making decisions on global issues[9]. The capitalism ideology has seen the America make several attempts to sink the communism, and this was the disguised intention of America. Military intervention by the U.S in most of its operation in the Middle East has significantly tainted its image in the international platform. Fingers point at neoconservatives who were well connected as the key architects behind the Iraq war. In regard to Guney (2007, 64), there was a political motive behind the lobbying with economic strategies[10]. It is worth to note the involvement of several U.S presidents during their long stay of U.S military operatives in Iraq. The intertwining realism versus idealism approach dictates the perception of various people towards the U.S on how they handled Iraq.
[1] Lake, D. A. 2009. Hierarchy in international relations. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press.
[2] Christol, C. Q. 2004. International law and U.S. foreign policy. Lanham, Md. [u.a.], Univ. Press of America.
[3] Tate, K. 2010. What’s Going On? Political Incorporation and the Transformation of Black Public Opinion. Washington, Georgetown University Press.
[4] Mockaitis, T. R. 2013. The Iraq War encyclopedia.
[5] Martin, L. G. 2003. Assessing the impact of U.S.-Israeli relations on the Arab world. [Carlisle Barracks, PA], Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
[6] Ikenberry, G. J., & Moon, C.-I. 2008. The United States and Northeast Asia: debates, issues, and new order. Lanham, Md, Rowman & Littlefield.
[8] Kaufman, J. P. 2013. Introduction to international relations theory and practice. Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
[9] Brennan, R. 2013. Ending the U.S. War in Iraq: the final transition, operational maneuver, and disestablishment of United States Forces-Iraq (USF-I).
[10] Guney, N. A. 2007. Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey. Aldershot, England,
Place this order or similar order and get an amazing discount.
The relationship of the United States and Iraq offers a lesson on various diplomatic concepts and the underlying socio-economic and political ideologies. Various scholars have in the past shed light on the sociological aspects of the existing relationship after the decade-long invasion and occupancy of Iraq by United States. Theoretical concepts of international relations will be explored to unveil the true picture of US – Iraq interaction aftermath. In the interest of researchers, academia and political science, it is imperative that this case is given critical assessment. This issue presents an avenue of intellectual discourse concerning the diverse disciplines that discuss international relations. In view of the social structure, economic policies and political strategies, this debate covers substantial research concepts that are important to ascertain validity and credibility of existing knowledge.
LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE USA CURRENT RELATIONSHIP WITH IRAQ, 2003
Background
The United States’ stay in Iraq has been on the global spotlight for over decade. The question many people ask is what the consequences this has on their relations. Apart from Iraq, United States interest in the Middle East has raised eyebrows leading to in-depth research on various dimensions (Lake,2009,pg.18-9). The Geopolitics of Middle East has been a significant contributor to its overall influence in the global economy. However, its socio-economic policies and political system has been the subject of discussion. Iraq wields a lot of influence in the region, and its political ideologies were being seen as a threat by the west. It is not a matter of retelling the chronology of the US invasion of Iraq, but the impacts this has on the global socio-economic and political position America occupy.According to Christol (2004, pg. 47-9) diverse acts of atrocities under the guise of setting the new global order of democracy was met with mixed reactions by Middle East nations and Iraq in particular. In this paper, it is important to note that the raging debate on the theoretical concepts surrounding diplomatic relations is the center stage for international peace agreements. According to Tate (2010, pg.128-9), the traditional mentality that international relations were limited to specific disciplines is ruled out. This explains the need to break away from the confines of philosophy, sociology and economics as the only relevant disciplines exploring diplomatic ties. International relations theories should equally not be misconstrued as solely for academia. This means it should be given much attention as it plays a critical role in mutual understandings in cross boundary relationships especially in this wake of open economies. The current relationship between United States and Iraq offers a lot of lessons on feasibility of tested theories concerning international relations. It reflects the complex international interactions that are characterized by divergent socio-economic and political ideologies. Kenneth N. Waltz is one of the scholars who assert the fact that diplomatic history has been marred with elitist decision making.
According Waltz, the consideration is on individual state, and to ideological, moral and economic issues, both traditional liberals and classical realists make the same mistake. They fail to develop a serious account of the international system—one that can be abstracted from the wider socio-political domain. Waltz acknowledges that such an abstraction distorts reality and omits many of the factors that were important for classical realism. It does not allow for the analysis of the development of specific foreign policies. However, it also has utility. Notably, it assists in understanding the primary determinants of international politics. He reformulated realism in international relations in a new and distinctive way. In his book Theory of International Politics, first published in 1979, he responded to the liberal challenge and attempted to cure the defects of the classical realism of Hans Morgenthau with his more scientific approach, which became known as structural realism or neorealism. Waltz insists on empirical testability of knowledge and on falsifications as a methodological ideal, which, as he admits, can have only a limited application in international relations (Jack, 2000).The case of US attack on Saddam Hussein and subsequent changes in approaches of managing Iraq indicates two sides of international relations theories. These include realism and idealism key in defining the relations among states and US – Iraq in particular. A realist theory can be seen as a tradition of speculation about the society or states. However, in international relations the realist theory is based on emphasizing the constraints imposed on politics by the nature of human beings (Ikenberry, et al. 2009, pg.93). The realist school belief that national self- interest mandate nations to constantly acquire power for the purpose of security and existence. It is usually contrasted with idealism or liberalism, which tends to emphasize cooperation. The negative side of the realists’ emphasis on power and self-interest is often their skepticism regarding the relevance of ethical norms to relations among states.
Hans Morgenthau is of the opinion that power is the undisputable feature which determines states policy on both foreign and domestic policies (Knopf, 1978). The realist theory is also known as the power or traditional theory which is centered on power politics. It is concerned with an explanation of what happened, how it happened which is used to predict the trend of what to happen in the future. The lessons observable from the case of the US – Iraq relationship triggers further research into the theories that must be discussed to boost the increasing need for International Corporation.
According to Brennan (2013, pg. 139-40), United States wield political and economic power and therefore play a central role in making decisions on global issues. The capitalism ideology has seen the America make several attempts to sink the communism, and this was the disguised intention of America. Military intervention by the US in most of its operation in the Middle East has significantly tainted its image in the international platform. Fingers point at neoconservatives who were well connected as the key architects behind the Iraq war. In regard to Guney (2007,pg.64),there was a political motive behind the lobbying with economic strategies. It is worth to note the involvement of several US presidents during their long stay of US military operatives in Iraq. The intertwining realism versus idealism approach dictates the perception of various people towards the US on how they handled Iraq.
Literature review
In respect of all facts towards the US relationship with Iraq, a lot of historical statistics can be established. Considering the deteriorating power of the US in 1972 as it was losing the battle to the Vietnam, it is possible that the same may hold for the case of Iraq. The ensuing scenario compelled President Richard Nixon to create an entente which was meant to deal with Soviet Union using China. Although this approach worked, concerns were raised over US alliance with such a genocidal Chinese government. In the words of Ryan & Kiely (2009,pg 351-2) this case is an equivalence of the US strategy of using neighbouring countries to Iraq like Iran to manage it.This was a case of idealism approach that actually cost the US as the global view of the unfolding event was that of using military power to prove a point. All the above cases presented a dilemma to the United States. The attempt to reconcile morals with ideals was difficult. Political scientists noted that it was prudent for US to form an alliance with China, Russia or Britain, but this was likely to taint d’etre raison for the administration of US (Calabrese & Sparks, 2004, pg.125-7). The other side of the argument fronted for moral regime would only be available when the regime itself was existing. This event exposed the diverse strategies of the US to defend its socio-economic and political position in the world against the rising influence of Nazi and the existing Soviet Union. The case of Saddam’s increasing influence in the 1990’s in the middle East had begun to shake US in a similar way and this must have been initiated there sensitivity towards Iraq.
It is worth noting that the arguments posted towards US history in its international relations from World War I combine politics with ideologies. US invasion of Iraq has been attributed to several factors, but the proponents also suggest superficial ideas on the outcome. Taking the case of United States war on the Jihadists, complexity of the ideologies comes out open. In this respect; there are two perspectives of idealists. According to Uslu (2003,pg 308-9) one wing of the analysts argue that by engaging the Jihad in the war, United States should stick to strict adherence to human rights by avoiding any action that would amount to such magnitude during its operations. This principle also prompted avoidance of any alliances with a country which is oppressive to its people. In this respect for instance, US co-operation with Saudi Arabia to pursue its agenda in Iraq is not acceptable. Saudi Arabia’s social structure is almost diametrically opposite that of US and has been noted to give little focus to human rights.
Another faction of proponents argued that US occupancy of Iraq was meant to create and promote democracy. One question one may ask is why just Iraq. The reign of Saddam Hussein was said to be marred with socio-economic and political oppression with zero tolerance to opposition. This was seen as dictatorial and retrogressive towards the increasing need of globalization. Another two dimensional idealists can be observed in this group. The neoconservatives believe that democracy could only be achieved by force hence justified military deployment by the US. Part of these neoconservatives emphasizes protection of human rights as the essence of democracy and in the event this is in full violation then military intervention is acceptable. In this regard, US relation with Iraq is hanging on the balance with a lot under research.
Another school of thought refers to United States past records in international relations like in the case of Soviet Union, Britain and china. It is evident that US had to manage Iraq with allied support of some countries in the Middle East. The ironical twist in this case is that such allied states are always morally incongruent with US. This is the underlying truth in the case of Saudi Arabia’s pivotal role in boosting operation of US against the AL Qaeda. On this basis, Iraqi issue was seen as normal and justified. Critical evaluation of the arguments registered by various entities to this effect leaves one clear indication that Iraq invasion by United States was valid. The opinion of Feldman (2003, pg.41-3) is that there was an extension of the discussion that Middle East democracy would only be achieved through the United States approach. The finite nature of American power necessitated the support by other countries in its attempt to eliminate Jihadists. This is a supportive idea to the fact that foreign engagement in some cases depending on the circumstance may require back up by other states. The Muslim Radicals in Iraq were many and neighbouring states input is required in terms of military training ground, strategic planning and intelligence services. One lesson that was learnt from this incident is United States’ inability to overthrow regimes while at the same time courting alliance. Idealism approach assertion that a country cannot keep its moral policies while pursuing economic and physical security is trivial. In some circumstances, security demands power which is always entangled in corruption. Besides, seeking justice without sufficient force may turn tables against the country. All these facts indicate that American must just have its military force in its fingertips and use it when situations arise. In this respect, US involvement in the Middle East was likely to be interrupted with poor democracy in Iraq hence its use of military force. After all, in the socio-political history, there are claims that sometimes war can come to you even if you don’t ignite it. The situation of America in Iraq exposed it to two mandatory moral losses i.e. annihilation or an opportunistic corruption.
Meernik (2004, pg.120-4) asserts that the political leadership does not offer the luxury of thinking about fair decision making. Even not taking action is considered a decision in the political sense. A critical assessment of the respective regimes of George Washington, Franklin Roosevelt, and Richard Nixon to Barack Obama only explores one doctrine. Long term goals are the best for sustainable political principle otherwise short term is coupled with a lot of compromises. United States has been a leading campaigner for capitalism and past wars like with Vietnam was pursued to this effect. Such have been its strategic plan of imposing new world order and suspected threat is to be smashed by dialogue or war. It is, therefore, no strange that Iraq was headed the wrong way hence its collision with US. Some historians point out that if idealism approach had been used by United States, Adolf Hitler would have triumphed in World War II. It is, therefore, important for the US to understand that seeking democracy beyond its political resources and military endowment significantly threatens strength of democracy (Gaur & SeṅGara, 2005, pg.307-8). This idea complimented with the observed relationship existing between US and Iraq reveals that in some circumstances national interest’s defense justifies individual interest’s protection.
The moral argument in respect of United States involvement in the war with Iraq in a show of fighting for democracy stands out excellent. There is a good moral rationale against US setting up a military base in Saudi Arabia and provoking the Al Qaeda. According to McCormick( 2010,pg.102),one reality that United States has to contend with is that it has several enemies against few allied forces that it can use to pursue its will in the Middle East. Just like the case of the cold war and World War II, moral policies must be preceded by splitting and crashing the enemy. In regard to Middle East, United States had to use divide and rule strategy to strengthen its presence in the region against the opposition of Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda militia. This was evident with Bush’s pragmatic approach in Iraq. Martin (2003, pg.11) puts it that the realism theory of politics resurfaces equally in the debate of US – Iraq relationship. This concept disposes morality as it can compromise the security of the country. It is common knowledge that United States attack of Iraq was not authorized by United Nations for obvious reasons. While UN relies on proving guilt, US move indicated that they were investigating innocence on matters of nuclear weapons. However, from the perspective of Americans, pursuing moral discourse would disadvantage their interest of gaining influence in the Middle East hence compromise their long term economic and political schemes. The pretense of invading Iraq in search for weapons of mass destruction was not approved by the UN Security Council. The realists argue that the foreign policy understates the significance of morality. In this regard, America pursued its individual interest in Iraq through military intervention in a show of absolute power thereby evoking rebellion from most of the Arab states like Iran and other Muslim radical entities like al Qaeda (Tollitz,2005,pg.13-5). Realists champion for strong military power as a platform for international political deals. America had tried this in Vietnam and Iraq with less care about the feeling of other nations. Crusade for capitalism has been its priority and cannot be interrupted by any force lest they issue military reinforcement. This means heavy spending on the military by citizens’ tax. The recent withdrawal of US military personnel from Iraq by Obama has nothing to show in terms of gain to American citizens since their invasion.
United States applied different strategies to tame Iraq and restore what they termed as political sanity. This means that, in some instances, mixed policies were employed. In that respect, President Bush was seen as beginning to pursue realism and liberalism. In this case, multilateral ties with other nations make it difficult to wage war in a foreign land in an attempt to solve a problem. With the increasing international pressure from the allies of US in the Middle East in regard to how it was handling Iraq, it had to bring in liberalism approach. As Amstutz (2013,pg.87) puts it, the Middle East hold a significant position in the global trade but their strong geopolitical unity and congruent religious doctrines had begun to threaten US actions in Iraq. To reduce the possibility of losing track of its mission in Middle East and keep its diplomatic ties intact, it masterminded evicting Saddam Hussein from power and initiating a democratic process of coming up with a new president. This is an approach of the complex independence which required America to push for internal acceptance by the Iraqi citizens. To achieve this, they installed a president who would consent to most of their policies while lobbying for peace in the public. International relations proved indispensable to the US, and this culminated to the commencement of withdrawing troops. The United States had substantial trade and socio-political policy disagreements with some of its Middle East allies like Israel, but was not easy to use military intervention to bring a solution. In such scenarios, United States used economic incentives to press for their interests (Kant, et al.2005, pg.221).
Past political records identifies President Clinton as the only leader who effectively blended realism with idealism in the process of promoting human rights. Brutal actions of United States in Iraq were carried out at the height of Bush leadership. He was a strict idealist who inadvertently ignored the public talk against US invasion of Iraq. It did not matter to him what the outcome would be provided the mission was focused on meeting the demands of America. A lot of corruption, deceit and propaganda misinformed the actions of Bush and he completely considered Saddam Hussein a tyrant who needed crushing. The picture painted all over in the entire military operation including the capture and execution of Saddam Hussein is an explicit show of absolute idealism. There is a tricky policy yoke in which Obama found himself. In view of Kaufman (2013, pg.123), the progressive withdrawal of US troops from Iraqi has placed his presidency under some question mark. The ongoing policy reforms in Iraqi portray him as a realist, but there is an information gap here since these are mere implementation of Bush’s plans. While Obama was campaigning in 2004 for the presidency, the issue of Iraq was coming out more prominently, and that tag has always remained controversial in the wake of his recent past foreign policies. The eminent lose that United States had begun to foresee made the congress push for withdrawal from Iraq. From 2003 United States had begun to apply diplomacy in handling the Iraqi situation.
There are several effects that US invasion of Iraq has caused within the tenets of its socio-economic and political landscape. There has been internal rebellion against western policies by a section of Muslim radicals that has made Iraqi a place of frequent bombing. Initially, a Muslim dominated country; there has been a gradual shift in socio-cultural behaviour which US wanted to use as a medium of infiltrating the society (Fernandez Sola & Smith, 2009, pg. 67-9). A lot of reported US led atrocities caused emotional pain to several citizens especially during 2003. The pursuit of Saddam Hussein and subsequent execution was coupled with mass infrastructural destruction, and this significantly affected the economic progress of Iraq. It is worth to note that Iraq owns a significant proportion of OPEC supply share, but this was affected by explosion of many oil fields during the gulf war of 1991 ignited by the United States. It is worth noting that misrepresentation of facts by media and the underlying realities all worked against the United State in regard to their foreign ties with Arab League Nations. Mass destruction meted on Iraqi people was considered to create more instability as Iraqi was forced to retaliate against US sympathizers like Kuwait. Iraqi was seen as the epicenter of Muslim extremists’ groups like Al Qaeda, which has put the citizens under perennial fear of explosives. On the political front, destruction of Saddam attracted mixed feelings of the Iraqi people but the majority had a taste of a democratic election.
Multi-dimensional analysis of post invasion in Iraqi put the USA at the losing end. This perceived failure by United States significantly affected its standing in the UN council. Its unauthorized invasion of the Iraqi raised question on its voting rights within the UN. The Security Council had to lobby for adoption of more foreign friendly policies in regard to the United States dwindling relationship with Iraq. The new turn of events from 2003 exposed the vulnerability of US if it was to continue with its brutal attack on Iraq. In this regard, a more favourable international relations approach that would conform to the increasing pressure of globalization was proposed. The theory of complex interdependency requires a more diplomatic approach towards international disagreements. United States presence in Iraq was slowly increasing the tension in Middle East, and this even sucked in other influential states in the region like Iran (Lebow,2008,pg.465-7). It was out of this increasing multilateral trade ties that forced United State to begin a journey into diplomacy. This theory is referred to as liberalism and comes between traditional idealism and realism.
Outright declaration of war without UN Security Council was becoming more challenging to the US, and this prompted Obama administration to start pulling out troops as a way of showing commitment towards new foreign policies. Although the complex link between realism and idealism political ideologies has not been exhausted, liberalism came in handy for the US as a potential power broker in this era of globalization.
Bibliography
Amstutz, M. R. 2013. International ethics concepts, theories, and cases in global politics. Lanham, Md, Rowman & Littlefield. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=548177.
Calabrese, A., & Sparks, C. 2004. Toward a political economy of culture: capitalism and communication in the twenty-first century. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=640049.
Christol, C. Q. 2004. International law and U.S. foreign policy. Lanham, Md. [u.a.], Univ. Press of America.
Feldman, S. 2003. After the war in Iraq: defining the new strategic balance. Brighton, Sussex Academic Press/Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies.
Fernández Sola, N., & Smith, M. 2009. Perceptions and policy in transatlantic relations: prospective visions from the US and Europe. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge.
Gaur, M., & SeṅGara, S. 2005. Foreign policy annual, 2001-2009. Delhi, Kalpaz Publications.
Guney, N. A. 2007. Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey. Aldershot, England, Ashgate. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10211328.
Ikenberry, G. J., & Moon, C.-I. 2008. The United States and Northeast Asia: debates, issues, and new order. Lanham, Md, Rowman & Littlefield.
Ikenberry, G. J., Mastanduno, M., & Wohlforth, W. C. 2009. International relations theory and the consequences of unipolarity. [Cambridge], Cambridge University Press.
Kant, I., Colclasure, D. L., & Kleingeld, P. 2006. Toward perpetual peace: and other writings on politics, peace, and history. New Haven, Conn. [u.a.], Yale Univ. Press. 221
Lake, D. A. 2009. Hierarchy in international relations. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press.
Lebow, R. N. 2008. A cultural theory of international relations. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
Martin, L. G. 2003. Assessing the impact of U.S.-Israeli relations on the Arab world. [Carlisle Barracks, PA], Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
Mccormick, J. M. 2010. American foreign policy and process. Boston, MA, Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Meernik, J. D. 2004. The political use of military force in US foreign policy. Aldershot [u.a.], Ashgate.
