");--invalid-icon:url("data:image/svg+xml, ")}body{word-break:break-word;overflow-x:hidden}img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.alignright{display:inline;float:right;margin-left:1.5em}.top-button{right:5%;bottom:30px;opacity:0;visibility:hidden}.d-tl-none{display:none}.fa-solid{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;display:var(--fa-display,inline-block);font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;line-height:1;text-rendering:auto;font-family:"Font Awesome 6 Free"}.fa-bars:before{content:""}.fa-chevron-up:before{content:""}.fa-ellipsis-vertical:before{content:""}.fa-magnifying-glass:before{content:""}:host,:root{--fa-style-family-brands:"Font Awesome 6 Brands";--fa-font-brands:normal 400 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Brands";--fa-font-regular:normal 400 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Free";--fa-style-family-classic:"Font Awesome 6 Free";--fa-font-solid:normal 900 1em/1 "Font Awesome 6 Free"}.fa-solid{font-weight:900}:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square:1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3:4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4:3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2:3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3:2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9:16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16:9/16;--wp--preset--color--black:#000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray:#abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white:#fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink:#f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red:#cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange:#ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber:#fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan:#7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan:#00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue:#8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue:#0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple:#9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,#9b51e0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan:linear-gradient(135deg,#7adcb4 0%,#00d082 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,#cf2e2e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray:linear-gradient(135deg,#eee 0%,#a9b8c3 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum:linear-gradient(135deg,#4aeadc 0%,#9778d1 20%,#cf2aba 40%,#ee2c82 60%,#fb6962 80%,#fef84c 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffceec 0%,#9896f0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux:linear-gradient(135deg,#fecda5 0%,#fe2d2d 50%,#6b003e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffcb70 0%,#c751c0 50%,#4158d0 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean:linear-gradient(135deg,#fff5cb 0%,#b6e3d4 50%,#33a7b5 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass:linear-gradient(135deg,#caf880 0%,#71ce7e 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381 0%,#2874fc 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small:13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium:20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large:36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large:42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20:.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30:.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40:1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50:1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60:2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70:3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80:5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural:6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep:12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined:6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1)}body .is-layout-flex{display:flex}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}div#ez-toc-container ul li{font-size:100%}div#ez-toc-container ul li{font-weight:700}div#ez-toc-container ul.ez-toc-list a{color:#249bf4}div#ez-toc-container ul.ez-toc-list a:visited{color:#4282b7}ul.ez-toc-list a.ez-toc-link{padding:0}.ez-toc-counter ul{counter-reset:item}.ez-toc-counter nav ul li a:before{content:counters(item,'.',decimal) '. ';display:inline-block;counter-increment:item;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;margin-right:.2em;float:left}.lazyload{background-image:none!important}.lazyload:before{background-image:none!important}:root{--bs-blue:#0d6efd;--bs-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-purple:#6f42c1;--bs-pink:#d63384;--bs-red:#dc3545;--bs-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-green:#198754;--bs-teal:#20c997;--bs-cyan:#0dcaf0;--bs-black:#000;--bs-white:#fff;--bs-gray:#6c757d;--bs-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-gray-100:#f8f9fa;--bs-gray-200:#e9ecef;--bs-gray-300:#dee2e6;--bs-gray-400:#ced4da;--bs-gray-500:#adb5bd;--bs-gray-600:#6c757d;--bs-gray-700:#495057;--bs-gray-800:#343a40;--bs-gray-900:#212529;--bs-primary:#0d6efd;--bs-secondary:#6c757d;--bs-success:#198754;--bs-info:#0dcaf0;--bs-warning:#ffc107;--bs-danger:#dc3545;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#212529;--bs-primary-rgb:13,110,253;--bs-secondary-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-success-rgb:25,135,84;--bs-info-rgb:13,202,240;--bs-warning-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-danger-rgb:220,53,69;--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-dark-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-primary-text-emphasis:#052c65;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis:#2b2f32;--bs-success-text-emphasis:#0a3622;--bs-info-text-emphasis:#055160;--bs-warning-text-emphasis:#664d03;--bs-danger-text-emphasis:#58151c;--bs-light-text-emphasis:#495057;--bs-dark-text-emphasis:#495057;--bs-primary-bg-subtle:#cfe2ff;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle:#e2e3e5;--bs-success-bg-subtle:#d1e7dd;--bs-info-bg-subtle:#cff4fc;--bs-warning-bg-subtle:#fff3cd;--bs-danger-bg-subtle:#f8d7da;--bs-light-bg-subtle:#fcfcfd;--bs-dark-bg-subtle:#ced4da;--bs-primary-border-subtle:#9ec5fe;--bs-secondary-border-subtle:#c4c8cb;--bs-success-border-subtle:#a3cfbb;--bs-info-border-subtle:#9eeaf9;--bs-warning-border-subtle:#ffe69c;--bs-danger-border-subtle:#f1aeb5;--bs-light-border-subtle:#e9ecef;--bs-dark-border-subtle:#adb5bd;--bs-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-font-sans-serif:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(255,255,255,.15),rgba(255,255,255,0));--bs-body-font-family:var(--bs-font-sans-serif);--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight:400;--bs-body-line-height:1.5;--bs-body-color:#212529;--bs-body-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-body-bg:#fff;--bs-body-bg-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-emphasis-color:#000;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-secondary-color:rgba(33,37,41,.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-secondary-bg:#e9ecef;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb:233,236,239;--bs-tertiary-color:rgba(33,37,41,.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-tertiary-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-heading-color:inherit;--bs-link-color:#0d6efd;--bs-link-color-rgb:13,110,253;--bs-link-decoration:underline;--bs-link-hover-color:#0a58ca;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb:10,88,202;--bs-code-color:#d63384;--bs-highlight-color:#212529;--bs-highlight-bg:#fff3cd;--bs-border-width:1px;--bs-border-style:solid;--bs-border-color:#dee2e6;--bs-border-color-translucent:rgba(0,0,0,.175);--bs-border-radius:.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm:.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg:.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl:1rem;--bs-border-radius-xxl:2rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl);--bs-border-radius-pill:50rem;--bs-box-shadow:0 .5rem 1rem rgba(0,0,0,.15);--bs-box-shadow-sm:0 .125rem .25rem rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-box-shadow-lg:0 1rem 3rem rgba(0,0,0,.175);--bs-box-shadow-inset:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-focus-ring-width:.25rem;--bs-focus-ring-opacity:.25;--bs-focus-ring-color:rgba(13,110,253,.25);--bs-form-valid-color:#198754;--bs-form-valid-border-color:#198754;--bs-form-invalid-color:#dc3545;--bs-form-invalid-border-color:#dc3545}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}.h5,h2{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2;color:var(--bs-heading-color)}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}.h5{font-size:1.25rem}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}ul{padding-left:2rem}ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}a{color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb),var(--bs-link-opacity,1));text-decoration:underline}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0}button,input{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::-webkit-file-upload-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}.lead{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:300}.display-1{font-size:calc(1.625rem + 4.5vw);font-weight:300;line-height:1.2}@media (min-width:1200px){.display-1{font-size:5rem}}.container,.container-fluid{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}@media (min-width:1400px){.container{max-width:1320px}}:root{--bs-breakpoint-xs:0;--bs-breakpoint-sm:576px;--bs-breakpoint-md:768px;--bs-breakpoint-lg:992px;--bs-breakpoint-xl:1200px;--bs-breakpoint-xxl:1400px}.row{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}@media (min-width:576px){.col-sm-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}}@media (min-width:768px){.col-md-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-md-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}}@media (min-width:1200px){.col-xl-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}}@media (min-width:1400px){.col-xxl-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:var(--bs-body-color);-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius)}.form-control::-webkit-date-and-time-value{min-width:85px;height:1.5em;margin:0}.form-control::-webkit-datetime-edit{display:block;padding:0}.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--bs-secondary-color);opacity:1}.form-control::-webkit-file-upload-button{padding:.375rem .75rem;margin:-.375rem -.75rem;-webkit-margin-end:.75rem;margin-inline-end:.75rem;color:var(--bs-body-color);background-color:var(--bs-tertiary-bg);border-color:inherit;border-style:solid;border-width:0;border-inline-end-width:var(--bs-border-width);border-radius:0}.btn{--bs-btn-padding-x:.75rem;--bs-btn-padding-y:.375rem;--bs-btn-font-family:;--bs-btn-font-size:1rem;--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-line-height:1.5;--bs-btn-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.15),0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity:.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow:0 0 0 .25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb),.5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);color:var(--bs-btn-color);text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-btn-border-radius);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color:#fff;--bs-btn-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-hover-color:#fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#0b5ed7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#0a58ca;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:49,132,253;--bs-btn-active-color:#fff;--bs-btn-active-bg:#0a58ca;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#0a53be;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#0d6efd}.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-hover-color:#fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:13,110,253;--bs-btn-active-color:#fff;--bs-btn-active-bg:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#0d6efd;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#0d6efd;--bs-gradient:none}.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-hover-color:#fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-btn-active-color:#fff;--bs-btn-active-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-gradient:none}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.nav-link{display:block;padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color);text-decoration:none;background:0 0;border:0}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),.65);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),.8);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),1);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:.3125rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),1);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),1);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%2833, 37, 41, 0.75%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),.15);--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:.25rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x)}.navbar>.container{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{padding-top:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);padding-bottom:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);margin-right:var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:.5rem;--bs-nav-link-font-weight:;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}@media (min-width:992px){.navbar-expand-lg{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas{position:static;z-index:auto;flex-grow:1;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;visibility:visible!important;background-color:transparent!important;border:0!important;transform:none!important}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-header{display:none}.navbar-expand-lg .offcanvas .offcanvas-body{display:flex;flex-grow:0;padding:0;overflow-y:visible}}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color:#000;--bs-btn-close-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity:.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity:.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow:0 0 0 .25rem rgba(13,110,253,.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity:1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity:.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter:invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:transparent var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-offcanvas-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-offcanvas-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-offcanvas-title-line-height:1.5}@media (min-width:992px){.offcanvas-lg .offcanvas-header{display:none}}.offcanvas{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0}.offcanvas.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*.5);margin:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)) calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)) calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)) auto}.offcanvas-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-offcanvas-title-line-height)}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);overflow-y:auto}.sticky-top{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within){width:1px!important;height:1px!important;padding:0!important;margin:-1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;clip:rect(0,0,0,0)!important;white-space:nowrap!important;border:0!important}.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within):not(caption){position:absolute!important}.d-grid{display:grid!important}.d-flex{display:flex!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.shadow{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow)!important}.position-absolute{position:absolute!important}.position-fixed{position:fixed!important}.start-0{left:0!important}.end-0{right:0!important}.border{border:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-dark{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb),var(--bs-border-opacity))!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between!important}.align-items-center{align-items:center!important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem!important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem!important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem!important}.ms-1{margin-left:.25rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.py-4{padding-top:1.5rem!important;padding-bottom:1.5rem!important}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem!important}.gap-2{gap:.5rem!important}.fw-bold{font-weight:700!important}.text-center{text-align:center!important}.text-black{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:inherit!important}.bg-body-tertiary{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb),var(--bs-bg-opacity))!important}.z-2{z-index:2!important}@media (min-width:576px){.d-sm-flex{display:flex!important}.justify-content-sm-center{justify-content:center!important}}@media (min-width:768px){.justify-content-md-start{justify-content:flex-start!important}.justify-content-md-center{justify-content:center!important}.ms-md-2{margin-left:.5rem!important}.py-md-5{padding-top:3rem!important;padding-bottom:3rem!important}.text-md-start{text-align:left!important}}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-block{display:block!important}.d-lg-none{display:none!important}}.bsb-overlay{--bsb-overlay-opacity:.5;--bsb-overlay-bg-color:var(--bs-black-rgb);position:relative}.bsb-overlay:after{background-color:rgba(var(--bsb-overlay-bg-color),var(--bsb-overlay-opacity));bottom:0;content:"";display:block;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:0}.bsb-overlay>*{position:relative;z-index:1}.bsb-btn-2xl{--bs-btn-padding-y:.75rem;--bs-btn-padding-x:1.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:calc(1.27rem + .24vw);--bs-btn-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg)}@media (min-width:1200px){.bsb-btn-2xl{--bs-btn-font-size:1.45rem}}.bsb-hero-6{background-position:50%;background-size:cover}.bsb-hero-6>.row{min-height:600px}@media (min-width:1200px){.bsb-hero-6>.row{min-height:715px}}.bsb-hero-6 .text-shadow-head{text-shadow:3px 3px 2px #fff}.bsb-hero-6 .text-shadow-body{text-shadow:1px 1px 1px #fff}
How to Avoid Scams and Fake Writing Services
Skip to content Welcome to Custom University Papers
Where your academic goals are our priority. Our dedicated writers are committed to helping you achieve excellence. Experience the difference of personalized, top-notch writing assistance.
The rise of online writing services has made it easier for students and professionals to access help with assignments, essays, and other written content. However, this convenience comes with risks, as the internet is rife with scams and fake writing services designed to exploit unsuspecting customers. To ensure your safety and secure reliable assistance, follow these strategies to identify and avoid fraudulent services.
1. Research the Writing Service Thoroughly Before committing to any writing service, conduct in-depth research to verify its credibility. Look for customer reviews on trusted platforms such as Trustpilot or SiteJabber . Pay close attention to both positive and negative feedback to get a balanced view of the company.
Key red flags include:
Lack of authentic reviews: A service with overwhelmingly positive reviews that sound generic may be using fake testimonials.No online presence: Credible services often have a strong web presence, including social media pages and active customer support.2. Check for Transparent Policies Legitimate writing services provide clear information about their pricing, refund policies, and guarantees. Read the terms and conditions to ensure that:
The service guarantees original, plagiarism-free content. They offer refunds in case of dissatisfaction or failure to deliver. There are no hidden fees or vague clauses. A lack of transparency in policies can indicate a scam.
3. Verify the Writers’ Credentials Trustworthy writing services provide information about their writers’ qualifications. They may showcase the academic degrees, writing experience, or subject-matter expertise of their team. If such details are missing or vague, proceed with caution.
Additionally, avoid services that promise unrealistic guarantees, such as:
Guaranteed A+ grades Essays delivered within hours without any compromise on quality These claims are often signs of fraudulent operations.
4. Test the Customer Support A reliable writing service offers responsive customer support through multiple channels, such as email, live chat, or phone. Test their responsiveness by asking questions about their process, pricing, and guarantees. A lack of prompt and professional replies is a significant warning sign.
5. Avoid Services With Unbelievably Low Prices If a deal seems too good to be true, it probably is. Scammers often lure customers with extremely low prices, only to deliver plagiarized or poor-quality content. Compare prices with industry standards and beware of companies offering services at prices that seem unusually low.
6. Look for Secure Payment Options Ensure that the writing service uses secure payment gateways, such as PayPal or major credit cards. Avoid services that request direct bank transfers or cryptocurrency payments, as these transactions are harder to trace and may leave you without recourse in case of fraud.
7. Review Samples and Plagiarism Policies Ask for writing samples or check if they are available on the website. High-quality samples with no grammatical errors or inconsistencies indicate professionalism. Additionally, verify whether the company provides plagiarism reports as proof of originality.
8. Use Trial Orders Before committing to a large project, consider placing a small trial order to evaluate the quality of the service. Assess the timeliness, professionalism, and quality of the delivered work to make an informed decision.
9. Consult Forums and Communities Educational forums and student communities, such as Reddit’s r/EssayScams , can provide valuable insights into which writing services to trust or avoid. These platforms often have real customer experiences and warnings about scams.
Conclusion Staying vigilant and conducting thorough research are essential to avoid scams and fake writing services. Focus on transparency, quality, and professionalism when selecting a service. By taking these steps, you can protect your investment and ensure you receive high-quality, original content tailored to your needs.
FAQs How can I recognize a writing service scam without placing an order? Look for signs such as poorly designed websites, grammatical errors in their content, lack of contact information, and absence of a physical address. Scammers often neglect these details, focusing solely on luring unsuspecting customers.
Is it safe to share personal and academic information with a writing service? Only share minimal personal information and avoid services that ask for sensitive details like government-issued IDs or excessive academic records. Opt for platforms with secure privacy policies and data protection measures.
Can fake writing services operate under legitimate-looking domain names? Yes, scammers often create professional-looking websites to appear legitimate. Verify their authenticity by checking their domain age using tools like WHOIS, reviewing their online reputation, and cross-checking their business registration details.
Are there any certifications or accreditations that indicate a writing service is reliable? While certifications are not mandatory for writing services, some credible companies may display accreditations from professional organizations or quality assurance bodies. Lack of such credentials isn’t necessarily a red flag, but their presence can boost trustworthiness.
What legal actions can I take if I’m scammed by a writing service? Report the fraud to your payment processor (e.g., PayPal or credit card company) to initiate a chargeback. You can also file a complaint with your country’s consumer protection agency or cybersecurity authority for further investigation.
Do writing services with a “.edu” domain guarantee authenticity? Not necessarily. While “.edu” domains are often associated with educational institutions, some scammers mimic these by creating similar-looking URLs. Always verify the legitimacy of the service, even if it appears associated with an academic institution.
Article Edited by Simon Njeri I’m a seasoned digital marketer with a decade of experience in SEO and content marketing. I combine my social science background with data-driven strategies to create engaging content that drives results for B2B and B2C businesses. Beyond marketing, I’m dedicated to supporting students in their educational endeavors, offering insights and tools to simplify their academic journey
Bio Profile
To top