Analysis of Issue and Argument.

Analysis of Issue and Argument

Analysis of Issue

In this section, you will need to analyze the issue presented and explain your views on it. There is no “correct” answer. Instead, you should consider various perspectives as you develop your own position on the issue.

1. Read the statement and the instructions that follow it, and then make any notes that will help you plan your response. Observe the suggested 30-minutes time limit.

“People value things more when they have suffered for them.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experiences, observations, or reading.

Analysis of Argument

In this section, you will be asked to write a critique of the argument presented below. You may, for example, consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking, what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion, or what sort of evidence could help strengthen or refute the argument.

• Read the argument and the instructions that follow it, and then make any notes that will help you plan your response. Observe the suggested 30-minutes time limit.

A speaker at an electronic entertainment conference made the following statement:

“Video games have been widely criticized for having a negative effect on the nation’s youth. If one looks at the facts, however over the last 25 years, the period in which the use of video games became common among the nation’s youth, math scores on the most commonly used college aptitude test have risen consistently, and entry-level salaries for college graduates have also risen significantly. This evidence suggests that video games are actually providing young people with the skills they need to succeed in college and in the workplace.”

Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion, be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative examples or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help better evaluate its conclusion.

English Vocabulary

Each section contains independent questions. Each question or incomplete statement is followed by suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case.

You have 2 hours to complete the exam.

1. His poor handling of the business                                    on negligence.
   1. neared
   1. edged
   1. approached
   1. bordered

• When we got to the box office the question of who should pay _                                 _.
  • appeared
  • raised
  • arose
  • came

• People living abroad are not                                   to enter for this competition.
  • enabled
  • permissible
  • eligible
  • capable

• I am sure that never happened- it is just a __                           _ of your imagination.
  • picture
  • piece
  • figment
  • fantasy

• Tax                       deprives the state of several million pounds a year.
  • desertion
  • escapism
  • retention
  • evasion

• After the accident, there was considerable doubt                             exactly what had happened.
  • in the shape of
  • in the question of
  • for
  • as to

• The police car set off in                          of the robbers.
  • trail
  • chase
  • pursuit
  • prosecution

• David is captain of the school basketball team,                              his father before him.
  • similar to
  • just like
  • as well as
  • such as

• He was unable to keep up the pace____________ by the first three runners.
  • staged
  • set
  • led
  • created

1. A few political extremists___________ the crowd to attack the police.
   1. incited
   1. animated
   1. agitated
   1. stirred

English – Understanding

Read the following text to answer all the questions 11 – 15:

A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species. In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores — in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to…
   1. discuss the implications of a research finding
   1. suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate
   1. present several explanations for a well-known fact
   1. question the methodology used in a study
   1. argue in favor of a controversial theory

1. According to the passage, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene carnivores in the La Brea area…

1. Included the same species, in approximately the same proportions
   1. found it harder to obtain sufficient prey
   1. consumed their prey more thoroughly
   1. had a similar frequency of tooth fractures
   1. populated the La Brea area more densely

1. According to the passage, the researchers believe that the high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by…

1. contact between the fossils in the pits
   1. poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pits
   1. the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of their prey
   1. the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills
   1. the aging process in individual carnivores

1. The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that…

1. the average age at death of a present-day carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a Pleistocene carnivore
   1. the older an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures
   1. the methods used to determine animals’ ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals
   1. in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as did younger individuals
   1. data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores

1. According to the passage, if the researchers had NOT found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded that…

1. the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the La Brea pits
   1. predator densities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high
   1. Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect to consumption of carcasses
   1. all Pleistocene carnivore species differed behaviorally from present-day carnivore species
   1. the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossil remains in the La Brea pits

English – Writing

Discuss in a short essay the statement: “Leaders are born, not made”.

Mathematics

1. The following data sufficiency problems consist of a question and two statements, labeled as
   1. and 2). You have to decide whether the data given in the statements are sufficient for answering the question.

All numbers are real numbers.

If x is an integer, is                an integer? 1) 18 < x < 54

• x is a multiple of 18

Select one:

1. Statement 1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement 2) alone is not sufficient
2. Statement 2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement 1) alone is not sufficient
3. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
4. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient
5. Statements 1) and 2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient

• If a > 0 and b > 0, is      ?

1) a = b – 2

2)   

Select one:

1. Statement 1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
2. Statement 2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
3. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
4. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
5. Statements 1) and 2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

3.

The figure above shows the shape of a flowerbed. If arcs WZ and XY are semicircles and WXYZ is a square, what is the area of the flowerbed?

1. The perimeter of square WXYZ is 24

• The diagonal WY =

Select one:

1. Statement 1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement 2) alone is not sufficient
2. Statement 2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement 1) alone is not sufficient
3. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
4. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient
5. Statements 1) and 2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient

• A total of 72 passengers are on a ship, and they go out on an excursion in boats R and Q. How many of the ship’s passengers are female?

1. There are 13 females on boat Q
   1. There are equal numbers of women on boats R and Q Select one:
2. Statement 1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement 2) alone is not sufficient
3. Statement 2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement 1) alone is not sufficient
4. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
5. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient
6. Statements 1) and 2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient

• In the xy plane, is the point (4, -2) on the line k?

1. 1) Point (1, 1) is on line k.
   1. The equation x = 2 – y describes line k.

Select one:

1. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
2. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
3. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
4. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
5. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

For the following questions, solve the problem and indicate the best answer choices given. Numbers: All numbers used are real numbers.

• A type of extra-large SUV averages 12.2 miles per gallon (mpg) on the highway, but only 7.6 mpg in the city. What is the maximum distance, in miles, that this SUV could be driven on 25 gallons of gasoline?

Select one:

a.   305

b.   312

c.     190

d. 284.6

e. 300

• The ratio of two quantities is 5 to 6. If each of the quantities is increased by 15, what is the ratio of these two new quantities?

Select one:

a. 20:21

b. 5:6

c.     25:27

d.   15:16

e. It cannot be determined from the information given.

8.

Select one:

a.

• 10
• 8
• 9

e.

• In an animal behavior experiment, 50 tagged white pigeons and 200-tagged gray pigeons were released from a laboratory. Within one week, 88 percent of the white pigeons and 80.5 percent of the gray pigeons had returned to the laboratory. What percent of the total number of pigeons returned to the laboratory?

Select one:

1. 82

b. 86.5

c.     85

d.   82.5

e.   80.5

1. 
   In the circular region shown below, sections A and B represent 38and511, respectively, of the area of the circular region. Section C represents what fractional part of the area of the circular region?

Select one:

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

1. At the wholesale store, you can buy an 8-pack of hot dogs for $1.55, a 20-pack for $3.05, and a 250-pack for $22.95.

What is the greatest number of hot dogs you can buy at this store with $200? Select one:

a.   2’256

b.   2’124

c.     1’108

d.   2’108

e.   2’100

1. One day a car rental agency rented 2/3 of its cars, including 3/5 of its cars with CD players. If 3/4 of its cars have CD players, what percent of the cars that were not rented had CD players?

Select one:

a.   35%

b.   90%

c.     10%

d.   45%

e. 66.7%

1. If x is 20 percent greater than 88, then x =

Select one:

a. 108

b. 105.6

• 68
• 86

e. 70.4

1. A farmer with 1’350 acres of land had planted his fields with corn, sugar cane, and tobacco in the ratio of 5:3:1, respectively, but he wanted to make more money, so he shifted the ration to 2:4:3, respectively.

How many more acres of land were planted with tobacco under the new system?

Select one:

a.   270

b.   300

c.     150

d. 90

e. 450

Select one:

1. 42
   1. 33
   1. 45
   1. 18
   1. 36
   1.  

Analysis of Issue and Argument

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